Chapter 5 Flashcards
Homogeneous mixtures are called
solutions
the minor component of the solution is called the what
solute
The major component is called the
solvent
solutes are often described qualitatively as what?
dilute or concentrated
have a small amount of solute compared to solvent.
dilute solutions
have a large amount of solute compared to solvent.
concentrated solutions
A common way to mathematically express
solution concentration is
molarity (M)
is the amount of solute (in moles) divided by the volume of solution (in liters)
molarity
Often, solutions are stored as concentrated
stock solutions
there is an uneven distribution of what within the water molecule
electrons
oxygen side of a water molecule has what kind of charge
partial negative charge
hydrogen side of a water molecule has what kind of charge
partial positive charge
free moving charged particles able to conduct electricity
electrolytes
Ionic compounds are strong what
electrolytes
Molecular compounds (except for acids), dissolve in water as what
intact molecules: non-electrolytes
what are acids when they dissolve in water
molecular compounds that ionize
acids that ionize virtually 100% are called
strong acids
Acids that only ionize a small percentage are called
weak acids
when the anions and cations are separated from each other. This is called
dissociation
Slide 29
what happens when ionic compounds dissolve in water
the anions and cations separate from each other
what happens When compounds containing polyatomic ions
dissociate
the polyatomic group stays together as one ion.
what happens when strong acids dissolve in water,
the molecule ionizes into H+ and anions.
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–
when solid completely dissolves that form strong electrolyte
soluble
not soluble
insoluble
reactions in which a solid
forms when we mix two solutions.
Precipitate reactions
Reactions between aqueous solutions of ionic
compounds produce an ionic compound that is insoluble in water.
Precipitate reactions
The insoluble product is called a
Precipitate
An equation showing the complete neutral
formulasfor each compound in the aqueous
reaction as if they existed as molecules is called
a
molecular equation
Equations that describe the material’s
structure when dissolved are called
complete ionic equations
An ionic equation in which the spectator ions are
removed is called a
net ionic equations
ions that don’t change in the reaction
spectator ions
is a chemical equation showing the complete, neutral formulas for every compound in a reaction.
molecular equation
is a chemical equation showing all of the species as they are actually present in solution: strong electrolytes are therefore represented as their component ions.
complete ionic equation
is an equation showing only the
species that actually change during the reaction.
net ionic equation
An acid reacts with a base and the two
neutralize each other, producing a salt and
water.
Acid–Base Reaction or (neutralization reactions)
a gas forms, resulting in bubbling.
gas-evolution reaction
Substance that produces H+
acid
contain more than one ionizable proton
and release them sequentially.
polyprotic acids
Substance that produces OH- ions in aqueous solution
base
the H+ from the acid molecule is
donated to a water molecule to form
hydronium ion
n the reaction of an acid with a base, what happens
the H+ from
the acid combines with the OH from the base to
make water.
is a laboratory procedure where a substance in
a solution of known concentration (titrant) is reacted
with another substance in a solution of unknown
concentration (analyte).
titration
known concentration
titrant
unknown concentration
analyte
is the point in the titration when
the H+ and OH− from reactants are in their stoichiometric
ratio and are completely reacted.
equivalence point
is a dye whose color depends on the acidity
or basicity of solution.
indicator
two aqueous solutions mix to form a gaseous product that bubbles out of solution.
gas-evolution reaction
do note cards for slide 73
The reactions in which electrons are
transferred from one reactant to the other
are called
oxidation-reduction reactions. (redox reactions)
Each element in a chemical reaction is assigned
a number called the
oxidation state
