Chapter 1 Flashcards
what are submicroscopic particles that are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter
atoms
free atoms bind together in specific arrangements to form what
molecules
definition of chemistry
the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules
a word beyond space and time
transcendent world
who believed that we should learn through reason
Plato
what is scientific knowledge based on
observation and experiments
nothing or describing how a process happens
qualitative
measuring or quantifying something about the process
quantitive
a tentative interpretation or explanation of observations
hypothesis
makes predictions that can be conformed or refuted by further observations.
falsifiable
this tests hypothesis
experiments
highly controlled procedures designed to generate observations that confirm or refute hypothesis
experiments
a brief statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones
law
“in a chemical reaction/ matter is neither created nor destroyed”
Law of conservation of mass
who made the law of conservation of mass
Antoine Lavoisier
one or more well established hypothesis may form the basis of a what
scientific theory
a model for the way nature is and tries to explain not merely what nature does but why
scientific theory
what is the pinnacle of scientific knowledge
theories
small indestructible particles
atoms
atomic theory
matter is made up of atoms
anything that occupies space and has mass
matter
specific instance of matter
substance
physical form of matter
state
the basic components that make it up
composition
atoms or molecules are in patterns with long ranges repeating orders
crystalline
atoms or molecules do not have any long range order
amorphous
what type of matter has a variable composition
(is made up of one or more component)
(varies from sample to another)
mixture
what type of matter has same composition
is only made up of one component)
pure substance
what substance can be separated into simpler substances
(substance composed of two or more elements)
compound
what substance cannot be separated into simpler substances
element
what mixture is not uniform throughout
(composition varies from one region of the mixture to another.)
heterogeneous
what mixture is uniform throughout
(same decomposition throughout )
homogeneous
carefully pouring off
decanting
a process in which the mixture is heated to boil off the more volatile liquid. the volatile liquid is then recondensed in a condenser and collected in a separated flask
distillation
easily vaporizable liquid
volatile
the mixture is poured through filter paper in a funnel
filtration
changes that alter only state and appearance but not composition
(atoms or molecules don not change their identity)
Physical changes
changes that alter composition of matter are
chemical changes
property that a substance displays without changing its composition
physical property
property that a substance displays only by changing its composition
chemical property
the capacity to do work
energy
defined as the action of a force through distance
work
the energy associated with the motion of an object
kinetic energy
the energy associated with the temperature of an object
thermal energy
is the energy associated with the position or composition of an object
potential energy
standard quantities used to specify measurement
units
defined as the distance light travels through a vacuum
si unit for length
meter (m)
of an object is a
measure of the quantity of matter
within matter.
mass
is a measure of
the gravitational pullon its matter.
weight
Measure of the duration of an event
second
is the SI unit of temperature.
Kelvin
is a measure of the average
amount of kinetic energy of the atoms or
molecules that compose the matter.
Temperature
thermal energy transfer,
heat
is the temperature
at which molecular
motion virtually stops.
Lower temperatures do not
exist.
absolute zero
is a combination of other units.
derived unit
is a measure of
space; it has units of length
cubed
volume
s the ratio of a
substance’s mass to
volume; it has units of
mass/volume (g/mL)
density
the physical property does not depend on the amount of
substance.
intensive physical property
hysical properties are dependent on the amount
extensive
Densities of substances are affected by what
temperature
The International System of Units uses the
prefix multipliers
deal with writing numbers to reflect
precision of the measurement.
sig figs
have an unlimited number of
significant figures.
exact numbers
refers to the reproducibility fo
the measurements.
precision
refers to how close the
measured value is to the actual value.
accuracy
Si unit for mass
kilogram (kg)
si unit for time
second (s)
Si unit for temperature
kelvin (K)
si unit for amount of a substance
mole (mol)
si unit for electric current
ampere (A)
si unit for luminous intensity
candela (cd)
10 to the 18th power
exa (E)
10 to the 15th power
peta (P)
10 to the 12th power
tera (T)
10 to the 9th power
giga (G)
10 to the 6th power
mega (M)
10 to the 3rd power
kilo (K)
10 to the negative 1 power
deci (d)
10 to the negative 2 power
centi (c)
10 to the negative 3 power
milli (m)
10 to the negative 6 power
micro (u)
10 to the negative 9 power
nano (n)
10 to the negative 12 power
pico (p)
10 to the negative 15 power
femto (f)
10 to the negative 18 power
atto (a)
is an error that has the equal
probability of being too high or too low.
random error
s an error that tends toward
being either too high or too low.
systematic error
is a statement of two equivalent
quantities
unit equation
s a fractional quantity of a
unit equation with the units we are converting
fromon the bottom and the units we are
converting toon the top.
conversion factor
using units as guides is called
dimensional analysis
simplifying the number so that they can be manipulated easily
order-of-magnitude estimation
sets of measurements consistute what
data
