Chapter 5 Flashcards
A group of similar cells with a common function
Tissue
Study of tissues is called
Histology
Four major types of tissues in the body
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial tissues are classified according to?
Number of cell layers and shape
Shapes of epithelial cells
Squamous (flat)
Cuboidal (cube)
Columnar (tall)
Layers of epithelial cells?
Simple (one layer)
Stratified(two or more layers)
Pseudo-stratified(appears layered, but not)
Composed of cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluid
Glandular epithelium
Two types of glands in body
Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
Secretes into tissue fluid or blood
Endocrine gland
Secretes into ducts that open onto a surface
Exocrine glands
Two structural types of exocrine glands
Unicellular
Multicellular
Composed of one cell, such as a goblet cell (structural type of exocrine gland)
Unicellular
Composed of many cells; can be simple or compound; sweat and salivary glands (structural type of exocrine gland)
Multicellular
Types of glandular secretions
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
Secretes fluid products by exocytosis; salivary and sweat glands, pancreas
Merocrine
Lose small part of cell during secretion; mammary and ceruminous glands
Apocrine glands
Release entire cell filled with product; sebaceous glands (acne)
Holocrine glands
Major cell types of connective tissue
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
Most common connective tissue, secretes fibers into extracellular matrix, star shaped
Fibroblasts
Connective tissue- conducts phagocytosis, defends against infection
Macrophages (histiocytes)
Connective tissue, releases heparin(prevent blood clotting) release histamines (cause inflammatory response)
Mast cells
Three types of fibers
Collagen fibers
Elastic (yellow) fibers
Reticular fibers
Thick threads of collagen, the body’s main structural protein
Great tensile strength and flexible
Found in ligaments and tendons
Collagen fibers
Composed of elastin protein, branching
Can stretch and return to original shape
Found in vocal cords, respiratory passages
Elastic yellow fibers
Thin branching fibers of collagen
Delicate network
Spleen and liver
Reticular fibers
Connective tissue can be classified into two major categories
Connective tissue proper
Specialize connective tissue
Two types of connective tissue proper
Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Areolar, adipose, and reticular are what type of connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic are what type of connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Three types of specialized connective tissue
Cartilage
Blood
Bone
Areolar connective tissue
Forms thin delicate membranes
Collagenous and elastic fibers
In subcutaneous layer
Beneath most epithelia, where it nourishes nearby epithelial cells
Adipose tissue (fat)
Adipocytes store fat
Push their nuclei to one side
Crowd out other cell types
Cushion and insulate
Beneath skin(subcutaneous layer) behind eyeballs, around heart, and kidneys; in spaces between muscles
Reticular connective tissue
Composed of network of thin reticular fibers
Supports walls of internal organs
Walls of liver and spleen
Dense regular connective tissue
Closely packed collagenous fibers
Fine network of elastic fibers
Most cells are fibroblasts
Very strong, withstands pulling
Binds body parts together
Tendons, ligaments, and dermis
Poor blood supply, slow to heal
Dense irregular connective tissue
Randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers
Fibroblasts
Attachments between bones and spinal column
Walls of hollow organs; large arteries, airways
Parts of heart Elastic stretchy
Three types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Most common type of cartilage, ends of bones in joints, nose, respiratory passages, embryonic skeleton
Hyaline cartilage
Cartilage that is flexible due to elastic fiber matrix found in external ear and larynx
Elastic cartilage
Cartilage that is very tough, due to many collagen fibers. Shock absorber. Found in intervertebral discs, pads of knees, and pelvic girdle
Fibrocartilage
Makes up exterior hard portion of bone
Compact bone
Makes up interior light potion of bone, houses marrow
Spongy bone
Cemented together to form compact bone, central canals contain blood vessels, well nourished
Osteons
Transport gases (blood)
Red blood cells
Defend against infection (blood)
White blood cells
Helps in blood clotting ( blood)
Platelets
Composed of epithelial and connective tissue; covers body surfaces and lines cavities
Epithelial membranes
Three types of epithelial membranes
Serous membranes
Mucous membranes
Cutaneous membranes
Lines body cavities that do not open to outside of body. Secrete serous fluid to lubrication, reduce friction
Serous membrane
Lines cavities and tubes that open to outside the body. Lining digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Mucous membranes
Membrane that covers body surface, commonly called skin, part of integumentary system
Cutaneous membranes
Membrane that is different from epithelial membranes. Composed entirely of connective tissue, lines joint cavities
Synovial membranes
Type of muscle that attaches to bones, is striated, and voluntary. It is stimulated by nerves
Skeletal muscles
Type of muscle that is non striated , involuntary and found in walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
Smooth muscles
Type of muscle only found in heart, striated and involuntary. Had intercalated discs and specialized intercellular junctions
Cardiac muscle
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Nervous tissue
Main nervous cells that special in communication, they coordinate, integrate , and regulate body function.
Neurons
Neurons are composed of
Cell body(soma), dendrites, and an axon
Cells that support and nourish neurons
Neuroglia
Lines kidneys, thyroid follicles, ducts of some glands.
Secretion and absorption into ducts or tubes
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Lines stomach, uterus, and intestines
Secretion and absorption
Simple columnar epithelium
Walls of alveoli and capillaries. Lines blood and lymphatic vessels
Diffusion(selective) and filtration
In and out
Simple squamous epithelium
Lines respiratory passageways
Secretion and absorption of mucus. Protects against infection
Pseudostratified epithelium
Lines urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
Allows tissue to stretch; contract and expand
Transitional epithelium
(Urothelium)
Outer layer of skin lines oral cavity vagina and anal canal
 Protective layer protects against microorganisms and or against water loss
Stratified squamous epithelium
Lines ducts of mammary , sweat, salivary glands and pancreas
Protection and secretion and absorption
Stratified cuboidal epithelium 
Lines male urethra and ducts of exocrine glands
Protection and secretion
Stratified columnar epithelium
