Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
cephalocaudal principle
A
- toddlers have a disproportionately large head and trunk, making them top-heavy compared with older children
2
Q
Muscle growth in children
A
- Virtually all of the body’s muscle fibres are present at birth
- During childhood, muscles become longer and thicker as individual fibres fuse together
- This process accelerates during adolescence, particularly for boys
3
Q
Fat growth in children
A
- layer of fat first appears under the skin near the end of the fetal period
- fat continues to accumulate rapidly during the first year after birth (“baby fat”)
- during the preschool years, children become leaner
- in the early elementary school years they begin to acquire more fat again (gradually)
- increases more rapidly in adolescence (more in girls than boys)
4
Q
Bone growth in children
A
- bone begins to form during prenatal development (starts as cartilage)
- during embryonic period, middle of tissue turns to bone
- shortly before birth, ends of cartilage structures (epiphyses) turn to bone
- working from middle, cartilage turns to bone until middle reaches epiphyses
5
Q
Secular growth trends
A
- changes in physical development from one generation to the next that are related to environmental factors
- today we are taller and heavier than previous generations
6
Q
Three factors of physical growth
A
- heredity
- hormones
- nutrition
7
Q
Heredity (mechanisms of physical growth)
A
- correlation between heights of identical twins is higher than fraternal twins
- heredity plays a role in determining adult height and rate of growth
- parents contribute equally to height
8
Q
Hormones (mechanisms of physical growth)
A
- pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH) a few times a day (usually during sleep but sometimes after exercise)
- GH travels from pituitary to liver and triggers release of hormone somatomedin which causes muscles and bone to grow
- without enough GH, child develops dwarfism (can be treated w GH injections)
- thyroxine (released by thyroid in back of neck) is essential for proper dev. of nerve cells and cell function throughout the body
- deficiency of thyroxine = cognitive delay or retard physical growth by making pituitary gland ineffective
- too much thyroxine linked to anxiety-related problems
- alcohol consumption in pregnancy = decreased maternal thyroid function =? predisposition of offspring to cognitive delays
9
Q
Nutrition (mechanisms of physical growth)
A
- introduce only one new food at a time so you can monitor for reactions
- bottle feeding is fine if it is clean but infants can develop allergies from it
- picky eating starts around age 2 when children need less food; might be adaptive bc eating familiar foods protects toddlers from potential harm
10
Q
Energy use in 2 month olds
A
- about 40% dedicated to growth
- most of remaining energy fuels basicbody function
- why babies must consume an enormous number of calories in relation to body weight
11
Q
Foods that can be introduced to a 6-9 month old
A
- rice cereal, then other cereals
- strained vegetables, then strained fruits
12
Q
Foods that can be introduced to a 7-9 month old
A
- protein foods (cheese, yogurt, cooked beans, pureed meats)
13
Q
Foods that can be introduced to a 9-10 month old
A
- finely chopped meat, toast, crackers
14
Q
Foods that can be introduced to a 10-12 month old
A
- egg yolk
15
Q
3 challenges to healthy growth
A
- malnutrition
- disease
- accidents
16
Q
Malnutrition (challenges to healthy growth)
A
- malnutrition mostly occurs in developing countries but is also common in industrialized countries
- especially damaging during infancy bc growth is so rapid
- children with history of infant malnutrition grow typically later on but score lower on intelligence tests and have difficulty focusing at school
- to prevent malnutrition you need a combination of food availability, nutrition education, and behavioural change
17
Q
Diseases (challenges to healthy growth)
A
- leading causes for mortality in young children are preterm birth complications, pneumonia, birth asphyxia, diarrhea, and malaria
- 45% of all childhood deaths related to malnutrition
- asthma diagnosis increasing in Canada (higher rates in Atlantic Canada)
- immunization and parent education are important
- WHO and UNICEF created Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) to improve children’s health worldwide
18
Q
Accidents (challenges to healthy growth)
A
- after first year of life children are most likely to die from accidents (often motor vehicle accidents)
- many children also die around pools, unable to recognize hazards
19
Q
Components of a neuron
A
dendrite–axon–soma–terminal buttons
20
Q
Organization of the mature brain
A
- about 80 billion neurons and 80 billion glia (support cells)
- wrinkled surface of brain = cerebral cortex (10 billion neurons)
- cortex consists of right and left cerebral hemispheres linked by corpus callosum
- personality and ability to carry out plans mostly linked to frontal cortex
- left hemisphere=language, reasoning, computing
- right hemisphere=artistic+musical abilities, perception of spatial relationships, and recognizing faces and emotions
21
Q
Adrenaline
A
- fight or flight
- produced in stressful situations
- increases heart rate + blood flow, heightens awareness
22
Q
GABA
A
- calming
- calms firing nerves in CNS
- high levels improve focus, low levels cause anxiety
- contributes to motor control and vision
23
Q
Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine
A
- concentration
- contracts blood vessels and increases blood flow
- affects attention and responding actions in the brain
24
Q
Acetylcholine
A
- learning
- involved in thought, learning, and memory
- activates muscle action in the body
- associated w attention and awakening
25
Q
Dopamine
A
- pleasure
- feelings of pleasure, addiction, movement and motivation
- we repeat behaviours that lead to dopamine release
26
Q
Glutamate
A
- memory
- most common neurotransmitter
- involved in learning and memory
- regulates development and creation of nerve contacts
27
Q
Serotonin
A
- mood
- contributes to well-being and happiness
- helps sleep cycle and digestive system regulation
- affected by exercise and light exposure
28
Q
Endorphins
A
- euphoria
- released during exercise, excitement, and sex
- produces well-being and euphoria, reduces pain
29
Q
Frontal lobe key roles
A
- motor control (premotor cortex)
- problem solving (prefrontal area)
- speech production (Broca’s area)
30
Q
Temporal lobe key roles
A
- auditory processing
- language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
- memory/information retrieval
31
Q
Brainstem key role
A
- involuntary responses
32
Q
Cerebellum key role
A
- balance and coordination
