Chapter 13 Flashcards
SPPC
self-perception profile for children (measurement of self-esteem)
5 domains of self-esteem measurement
- scholastic competence (how competent or smart child feels)
- athletic competence
- social acceptance (how popular/accepted they feel)
- behavioural conduct (how adequate child feels ab behaving the way one is supposed to)
- physical appearance
Developmental changes in self-esteem (middle childhood)
- highest in preschoolers
- drops during elementary school years (start doing social comparisons)
- self-esteem becomes more differentiated (different across domains)
- academic self-esteem becomes well-defined (good idea of abilities)
Sources of self-esteem
- parents who are nurturing and involved, set rules and discipline children, give well-timed and genuine praise
- social comparisons (esp. peers)
- high when viewed positively by others, low when viewed negatively
Idiocentric people - self-esteem
- emphasizes independence
- focus less on support from others
- own goals more important than goals of others
Allocentric people - self-esteem
- emphasizes interdependence
- self-esteem predicted by level of social support from best friends
- emphasize cooperation over own goals
Consequences of low self-esteem
- problems with peers
- psychological disorders
- antisocial behaviour
- poor school performance
Friendship in middle childhood
- voluntary relationship between 2 people who like each other
- by kindergarten most children claim to have a ‘best friend’
- friends usually alike in age, gender, and race
- children with only opposite sex friendships tend to be unpopular, less competent academically and socially, lower self-esteem, rejected by peers
Purposes of peer-related prosocial activities
- provide prosocial context to support dev. of relationships
- sense of belonging
- focus on achievement and value/integrity of child’s self
- offer opportunities for learning and instruction
Quality and consequences of friendships (having good friends)
- cooperation
- higher self-esteem
- ability to cope with stress
- prosocial behaviour
- less likely to be victimized by peers
- greater self-worth as young adults
Popular children
- liked by many classmates
- smarter and physically attractive
- better at initiating social interactions w other children
- more skillful at communicating
- better at integrating themselves into ongoing convo or play session
- good at monitoring own social impact and tailoring responses
Rejected children
- disliked by many classmates
- tend to be socially unskilled
- aggressive and attack peers without provocation
- poor self-control and disruptive behaviour
- often become angry and retaliate during conflicts
Controversial, average, and neglected children
- controversial children both liked and disliked by classmates
- average children liked and disliked but not w same intensity as popular, rejected, or controversial children
- neglected children ignored by classmates
Consequences of rejection
- poor academic performance
- lower self-esteem
- increased behavioural problems
- commit juvenile offences, and suffer from psychopathology
Causes of rejection
- parental influence on social skills
- inconsistent punishment for misbehaviour associated w aggressive and antisocial behaviour, paving the way to rejection
Social skills correlations
- positively correlated w popularity
- no correlation w rejection
Prejudice
- highest during preschool (favor in-group; outgroup seen as homogenous and more negative)
- declines with age and increased interaction
- prejudice can be reduced by encouraging friendly interaction between children from different cultures
Prosocial behaviour
- voluntary actions intended to benefit another person or group
- may have evolved from living in society
- dev. of prosocial behaviours important bc actions associated with: social and emotional competence, academic performance, dev. of cognitive competencies
Altruism
- act to promote someone else’s welfare, even at risk or cost to ourselves
- related skills: perspective-taking, empathy
- situational influences: feeling responsibility for person, feeling competent to help, being in a good mood, cost of helping is modest, how child was raised
Socializing prosocial behaviour
- parents model prosocial behaviour
- parents use dispositional praise when child helps
- helicopter parenting results in less empathy and prosocial interactions
Instrumental aggression
aggression with a goal (means to an end)
Reactive aggression
another’s behaviour leads to aggressive response
Relational aggression
- damaging social relations (think mean girls)
- more common in adolescence
- often associated with girls
Impact of aggression on children
- physical punishment increases aggression in children
- TV violence makes children more aggressive
- flawed information-processing associated w increased aggression
- aggressive children less likely to attend to signals of non-hostile motives
Social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment (6 steps)
- encoding of cues
- interpretation of cues (attributions)
- clarification of goals
- response access and construction
- response decision
- behavioural enactment
all mediated by memory store, acquired rules, social schemas and knowledge
