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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are sensations?

A

stimulus-detection process by which our sense organs respond to and translate stimuli from the environment into nerve impulses sent to the brain

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

active process of organizing stimulus input and giving it meaning

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3
Q

What is transduction?

A

nervous system converts external stimulus (e.g. light, sound, touch) into electrical signals

eye –> light
ear –> sound
skin –> pressure, pain, temperature

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4
Q

What are sense receptors?

A

specialized cell transduces specific stimulus with a sense organ

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5
Q

What is synesthesia?

A

“mixing of the senses”

cross-wiring of the senses within the brain

fMRI and DTI support this condition (you’ll see activity increased in those sensory areas that correspond to the cross wired senses

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6
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

studies the relationship between physical characteristics of the stimuli and our perception of those stimuli

measured two ways: limits of detection (absolute threshold), minimum needed to detect a change (JND)

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7
Q

What is absolute threshold?

A

lowest intensity in which a stimulus can be detected 50% of the time

sometimes it will be perceived, sometimes not

lower threshold, greater sensitivity

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8
Q

What is signal detection theory?

A

absolute threshold is not fixed

ask patients to indicate if they perceived a stimulus, 2 conditions: stimulus present, stimulus absent

leads to four outcomes and individual variability in decision criterion

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9
Q

What is decision criterion?

A

standard of how certain we are of a stimulus in order to say we detected it

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10
Q

What would a performance profile look like for someone who is conservative?

A

need a lot more to say they heard the tone

get more misses and less false alarms

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11
Q

What would a performance profile look like for someone who is liberal?

A

say yes a lot

get less misses, and more false alarms

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12
Q

What is a difference threshold?

A

the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time

aka Just Noticeable Difference

stronger stimuli need a bigger change before noticing, notice two candles are brighter than one candle, won’t notice 101 candles are brighter than 100

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13
Q

What is Weber’s Law?

A

constant proportional relationship between the JND and stimulus magnitude

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14
Q

What is sensory adaption?

A

sensory neurons are finely attuned to changes in stimulation

activation declines over time, leading to sensory adaption

conserves energy and attentional resources

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15
Q

What is the lens?

A

the lens will accommodate by getting thicker or thinner so that we can see objects closer or further away

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16
Q

What is the retina?

A

location of visual transduction

fovea: the most cones, no rods, clearest vision

blind spot: no rods or cones

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17
Q

What are photoreceptors (rods)?

A

black/white
functions best in low illumination
mostly in periphery
everywhere but fovea

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18
Q

What are photoreceptors (cones)?

A

color and detail
functions best in high illumination
near center of retina
fovea only contains cones

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19
Q

What is dark adaption?

A

have “dual visual system”

rely on rods for vision in low light conditions

rods and cones adapt differently

cones adapt after ten minutes
rods adapt after thirty minutes

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20
Q

What is trichromatic theory (Young-Helmholtz)?

A

three types of color receptors in retina

cones most sensitive to blue, green, red wavelengths

visual system combines activity from these cells

colors are perceived by additive mixture of impulses

if all are equally activated, white color is produced

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21
Q

What is the opponent process theory (Hering, 1870)?

A

three cone types

each responds to two different wavelengths, (red or green, blue or yellow, black or white)

can explain some visual phenomenon that the trichromatic theory cannot (afterimages, contrasting colors)

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22
Q

What are the limitations of trichromatic theory?

A

color blind individuals (red-green color blind individuals should not be able to perceive yellow, but they can)

afterimages (stare at red, look away you’ll see green)

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23
Q

What is colorblindness?

A

absent or reduced number of one (or more) cone types

monochromats: no color vision (rare)
dichromats: 2 cone types

more common in males (X-linked genes)

24
Q

What is the concept of visual scenes?

A

different brain areas process different aspects of vision

25
Q

What is frequency?

A

number of sound waves (cycles) per second

unit of measure = Hz

higher frequencies = higher pitch

26
Q

What is amplitude?

A

vertical size of the sound waves

unit of measure: decibels (db)

higher amplitude = louder

amplitude: physical pressure on eardrum, loudness: perception of loudness

logarithmic scale (10 db increase = 10x loudness)

27
Q

What are the sections of the ear?

A

outer ear: pinna and ear canal, eardrum

middle ear: ossicles (malleus, incus, staples), oval window

inner ear: cochlea, basilar membrane

28
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

location of transduction: sound waves into electrical impulses

outer part is bony

filled with fluid that is distributed by sound waves

organ of corti and the basilar membrane: hair cells bend, releasing NT, auditory nerve receives signals, sends to brain

29
Q

What are the theories of pitch perception?

A

Place theory

Frequency theory

30
Q

What is Place Theory?

A

location within cochlea where signal is transduced correlates to the pitch

tonal frequency “map”

best for high pitch (5,000 to 20,000 Hz)

31
Q

What is Frequency Theory?

A

nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound waves

best for low pitch (below 1000 Hz)

32
Q

What is sound localization?

A

monaural cues: one ear, are sounds coming right in front, above, or below

binaural cues: interaural intensity difference, interaural time difference

33
Q

What is interaural intensity difference (IID)?

A

left ear, intensity is less, calculate and compare intensities

34
Q

What is interaural time difference (ITD)?

A

calculate how quickly sound got to one ear compared to another

35
Q

What are the different types of deafness?

A

conduction deafness: mechanical problems, punctured eardrum, calcification of ossicles, hearing aid

nerve deafness: damage to hair cells or auditory nerve

noise-induced hearing loss

aging

36
Q

What is Gustation (taste)?

A

5 basic receptors: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umani

other qualities combine to affect taste, such as smell, temperature, and touch

adaptive significance: seek out nutrients, avoid toxins

37
Q

What are taste buds?

A

substance and saliva combine to make solutions which flow into papillae to stimulate receptors

paillae hold taste buds, in which there are different types

different taste cells in each taste bud

cells are replaced roughly every ten days

38
Q

What are odours?

A

less is known about how we discriminate odors

current theory: receptors recognize diverse odors individually, rather than mixing activity

airborne molecules bind to olfactory bulb

39
Q

What are pheromones?

A

odorless chemicals for intraspecies communication

unsure whether humans secrete pheromones

40
Q

What are tactile senses?

A

somatosensory system

touch, pressure, pain, warmth, cold, kinesthesis, equilibrium

41
Q

What is pain?

A

receptors respond to mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulation

send message to: spinal cord –> thalamus –> somatosensory + frontal areas or limbic system

pain processed faster than touch

42
Q

What is gate control theory?

A

the experience of pain results from opening/closing gating mechanisms in spinal cord

both physical and psychological

rub/poke an injury will make it hurt more

thoughts, emotions, and beliefs can modulate pain

43
Q

What are endorphins?

A

built in pain killers in nervous system

inhibits release of NT involved in synaptic transmission of pain

44
Q

What is kinesthesis?

A

feedback about joint/muscle position

receptors: nerve endings in muscles, joints, tendons

45
Q

What is equilibrium in the vestibular sense?

A

body orientation

receptors in inner ear (semi-circular canals)

46
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A
  1. Perception of individual stimulus elements
  2. Breakdown or analysis of stimuli
  3. Combination and interpretation of “whole”
47
Q

What is top-down processing?

A
  1. Concept, expectation
  2. Guides analysis
  3. Interpretation of incoming stimuli
48
Q

What is the role of attention?

A

attention helps to: focus on certain stimuli and filter out other incoming information

shadowing techniques: cannot completely attend to more than one thing

inattentional blindness: if we don’t attend to something, we don’t “see” it

49
Q

What are Gestalt Principles?

A

our perception is often more than the sum of its parts

Gestalt Laws: similarity, proximity, closure, continuity

50
Q

What is perception?

A

testing hypotheses and influenced by expectation

51
Q

What is perceptual schema?

A

ability to “recognize” something suggests we have a mental representation with which to compare

52
Q

What is perceptual set?

A

a readiness to perceive stimuli in a certain way

53
Q

What are perceptual consistencies?

A

allows us to recognize familiar stimuli under varying conditions

recognize a tune even if played in a different octave

shape, brightness and size consistency

54
Q

What is depth perception?

A

Retina only receives 2D information, but we see in 3D

two ways: monocular and binocular cues

55
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

each eye sees a slightly different image

the differences are analyzed by feature detectors tuned for depth

convergence: feedback from eye muscles when looking at a close object

56
Q

What is movement perception?

A

brain integrates information from different senses

phi phenomenon (stroboscopic movement): see movement when it’s not there, allows us to watch movies

57
Q

What is the relationship between experience and perception?

A

experience gained over development leads to changes in perception

PSYCH 104 (9 decks)

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