Chapter 5 & 10: Peers & (Friends) Intimacy Flashcards
How do peer groups change during adolescence? [2]
Within-individual changes:
- Cognitive: Development of a more complex understanding of relationships.
- Puberty: Increased interest in romantic relationships and a desire for distance from parents.
How do childhood friendships differ from adolescent friendships? - Childhood [2]
- Typically involves 3-4 friends.
- Relationships are based on shared activities.
How do childhood friendships differ from adolescent friendships? - Adolescence [3]
- Emphasis on intimacy, trust and loyalty.
- More time spent with friends, often in unsupervised settings.
- Increased contact between males and females.
How do parents and peers influence adolescents? [5]
- Quality of time with friends changes over time:
- Grade 4: Primarily parents.
- Grade 7: Same-sex friends and parents.
- Grade 10: Focus on same-sex friendships.
- Late adolescence and college: Shift towards romantic partners.
What role do parents play in adolescent relationships? [2]
- Warmth and closeness with parents can lead to closer relationships with friends.
- Adolescents may seek more acceptance from peers than from parents.
What are the implications of dysfunctional family dynamics on peer relationships? [2]
- Increased likelihood of affiliation with deviant peers.
- Higher rates of delinquency and mental health problems.
What is Sullivan’s theory of interpersonal development? [4]
- Says that there’s a distinction between intimacy and sexuality.
- Goal: Establish intimacy along with sexual contact.
- Key: Security in relationships.
- Intimacy develops before sexuality, starting in same-sex friendships.
How does attachment predict intimacy in relationships? [3]
- Internal working model determines levels of trust or apprehension.
- Working models with parents reflect in friendships and romantic relationships.
- Rejection sensitivity can lead to increased depression and anxiety.
How does attachment style affect intimacy? [4]
- Secure: Trusts others and feels safe.
- Anxious-avoidant: Doesn’t care much about being close to others.
- Anxious-resistant: Feels confused and worried in relationships.
- Disorganized: Has trouble with forming any close bonds.
What are the sex differences in intimacy and peer relationships? - Girls [3]
- Experience more intimacy in friendships and romantic relationships.
- Mental health more affected by friends.
- Co-rumination can create a cycle of depression and anxiety.
What are the sex differences in intimacy and peer relationships? - Boys [1]
Less likely to feel jealousy; conflicts are brief and often resolved with humor.
What are the sex differences in intimacy and peer relationships? - Overall [2]
- Friendships and partner relationships are typically less stressful than relationships with parents.
- Intimacy with parents declines during adolescence but often restores in adulthood.
What functions do friendships serve? - Socialization [1]
Learning social norms beyond the family.
What functions do friendships serve? - [4] types of social support (Berndt)
- Informational: Guidance and advice.
- Instrumental: Help with tangible tasks (e.g., homework).
- Companionship: Spending time together and engaging in activities.
- Esteem: Boosting confidence and self-worth.
How do friendships contribute to social and emotional development? [3]
- Social skills acquisition: Learning how to interact effectively.
- Information sources for self-knowledge and regulation skills.
- Intimacy: Sharing knowledge, thoughts, and feelings.
What are the implications of peer relationships on well-being? - Cross-sectional studies [1]
Supportive friendships lead to better psychological outcomes and lower depression.
What are the implications of peer relationships on well-being? - Longitudinal studies [2]
- Supportive friendships are associated with higher self-esteem, lower depression, and improved academic outcomes.
- Mixed relations with risky behavior.
How do friendships start and grow? [5]
- Propinquity: Being near someone helps you become friends.
- First Encounters: Meeting someone for the first time can lead to friendship.
- Build-up: You get to know each other and spend time together.
- Continuation: If things go well, you stay friends.
- Stability: Some friendships last a long time, while others fade away.
What is friendship homophily? [2]
- It means friends often share things in common like age, gender, race and interests
- Girls often spend more time talking and show more affection with their friends.
What are cliques? [3]
- Small groups of about 6 people.
- Girls often have more cliques than boys.
- It’s where most social interactions happen.
What are crowds? [2]
- Larger groups that have a reputation (like being known as “the cool kids”).
- These become more noticeable in early to mid-adolescence.
How do cliques and crowds influence behavior? [3]
- People in cliques might copy what their high-status peers do, especially leaders.
- They help create and follow social norms (rules about how to behave).
- These norms can be important, especially when it comes to bullying and being aggressive.
Why do we want to belong to a group? [3]
- Social Identity Theory: We all want to feel like we belong.
- Ingroup vs. Outgroup: We see our group as special or superior.
- Friends help us feel good about ourselves and our place in the world.
What is popularity? [2]
- Popularity is how well-liked someone is by their peers.
- It can be measured by how often people say they like or dislike someone (acceptance/rejection).
What are the [2] types of popularity?
- Perceived Popularity: How people view someone’s social status or dominance.
- Sociometric Popularity: A measure of how likable someone is based on peer nominations.
What are the [4] categories of popularity?
- Popular: Many people like them and few dislike them.
- Controversial: Many people both like and dislike them.
- Neglected: Few people say they like or dislike them (kind of invisible).
- Rejected: Few people like them and many dislike them.
Why do we want to be popular? [1]
Everyone wants to feel accepted by their peers.
Why do we want to be popular? - Goal Framing Theory [3]
- This idea suggests that having clear goals (like wanting to be liked) motivates behavior.
- Two types of goals:
- Egocentric Goals: Focused on how you feel or what you gain.
- Normative Goals: Focused on helping others and working together.
What helps someone be popular? [3]
- Having good social skills, being happy, and feeling confident.
- Popular people often have secure friendships and connections.
- Some may use instrumental aggression (aggression used for a goal) to maintain their popularity.
Popularity and Aggression [3]
- Sometimes, the desire to be popular can lead to aggressive behavior.
- Social Aggression: This can be direct (like bullying) or indirect (spreading rumors).
- Popular kids who are aggressive might stay popular if there are no serious consequences for their actions.
What happens to those who are rejected? [2]
- Rejected or unpopular kids might struggle with controlling their aggression or be shy and anxious.
- Being rejected can be very stressful, and it affects how they feel emotionally.
The Social Brain [2]
- Our brains are sensitive to social cues, which helps us understand what’s happening around us socially.
- When someone feels excluded from a group, certain parts of the brain become active, which can lead to negative feelings and mental health issues.
The Power of “Like” [1]
On social media, posts with more likes make the brain react more positively, especially in areas related to memory and emotions.
Peer Pressure [2]
- Friends can influence each other’s behavior, especially when it comes to taking risks.
- People might see their friends getting pressured into doing something risky, which can affect their own choices.
Definition of Bullying [3]
- Power Imbalance: One person has more power than another.
- Intentionality: It’s done on purpose to hurt someone.
- Repetition: Happens over and over again.
Why Bullying is Hard to Stop [3]
- Enabling: People allow bullying to happen.
- Entitlement: Some feel they have the right to bully.
- Tolerance: Others accept bullying as normal.
[6] types of bullying
- Direct bullying (verbal or physical)
- Covert/Indirect bullying (rumors)
- Cyberbullying
- Gender-based
- Race-based
- Weight based
Family Influences on Bullying [4]
- Education: Parents’ education levels can affect behavior.
- School Involvement: Active parenting can lead to less bullying.
- Family Structure: Families that communicate well often have less bullying.
- Parental Mental Health: Parents with mental health issues may have kids who bully.
[3] Parenting Styles that Lead to Bullying
- Authoritarian: Strict without warmth.
- High Conflict: Families that fight a lot.
- Poor Communication: Not talking openly about feelings.
Other factors that lead to bullying [3]
- Equifinality: Different paths can lead to the same result (e.g., bullying).
- Multifinality: The same cause can lead to different outcomes.
- Narcissism: Some kids bully because they need to feel superior and lack empathy.
The Peer Group [4]
- Social Impact Theory: Behavior is influenced by friends.
- Social Misfit Theory: Wanting to fit in can lead to bullying
- Popularity norms: status norms (nominations: liked most/least, etc.)
- Aggression norms
[4] Key Factors of Bullying
- Frequency
- Duration
- Pervasiveness (how widespread it is)
- Severity
Who Gets Bullied? [3]
- Unpopular or Rejected Kids: Those who struggle socially.
- Shy or Anxious Kids
- Aggressive-withdrawn: Kids who might act out but also withdraw.
[5] Consequences of Bullying
- Developmental Outcomes
- School Absenteeism
- Low Academic Achievement
- Chronic Victimization mental health issues.
- Long-term Effects: hostile attribution bias (automatically thinking actions done by others is harmful)
