Chapter 1 - Introduction

Question 1

Social Ecological Model by Bronfenbrenner [5]

Answer 1

• Microsystem
• Mesosystem
• Exosystem
• Macrosystem
• Chronosystem

Question 2

Social Ecological Model by Bronfenbrenner - Microsystem [2]

Answer 2

• Closest to the child, like family, school, and neighborhood.
• Culture becomes a strong part of a child’s life here.

Example: How family rules impact a child’s behavior.

Question 3

Social Ecological Model by Bronfenbrenner - Mesosystem [2]

Answer 3

• Interactions with different parts of a child’s microsystem
• Relationships between family, teachers, and other people in the child’s life.

Example: The child’s parents attend a parent-teacher meeting. This interaction affects how the parents understand the child’s school performance, which might influence how they help with homework.

Question 4

Social Ecological Model by Bronfenbrenner - Exosystem [2]

Answer 4

• The child doesn’t interact directly with this layer but still feels its effects.
• Includes things like parents’ jobs or community rules.

Example: If a parent works late, the child might get less time with them. (invisible events)

Question 5

Social Ecological Model by Bronfenbrenner - Macrosystem [2]

Answer 5

• The outer layer that includes culture, laws, and societal beliefs.
• Influences the child indirectly by shaping all other systems.

Example: A society might believe parents should raise their kids without outside help, affecting resources available to families.

Question 6

Social Ecological Model by Bronfenbrenner - Chronosystem [3]

Answer 6

• Deals with changes over time, like growing up or big life events.
• External changes: When a parent dies or moves away.
• Internal changes: As a child ages, their body and mind grow.

Question 7

Adolescents throughout history - Ancient times [1]

Answer 7

Example: Icarus (symbolizes youthful risk-taking)

Question 8

Adolescents throughout history - Ancient Greece [3]

Answer 8

• Adolescents seen as impulsive
• Plato: Delay math & science education until adolescence (age 14+)
• Aristotle: Adolescents develop ability to make life choices

Question 9

Adolescents throughout history - Early Christian Times [1]

Answer 9

Children’s Crusade: A failed attempt by children to march to the Holy Land

Question 10

Adolescents Throughout History - 1500 - 1890: Life-Cycle Service [2]

Answer 10

• Teens to early 20s: Work in domestic/farm service or apprenticeships
• Moved out of home to live with a “master” for training for adulthood

Question 11

Adolescents Throughout History - 1890 – 1920: The Age of Adolescence [3]

Answer 11

• Changes in child labor laws
• Schooling required for young people
• Adolescence became a focus of study as a distinct life stage

Question 12

Adolescents Throughout History - 19th & 20th Century: Industrialization and Urbanization [3]

Answer 12

Modernization of education:

• Schools started separating students by age
• Organized activities like YMCAs emerged for youth

Question 13

Stanely Hall [3]

Answer 13

• 1st Psychology Ph.D. in the US
• Founded APA, called the “father of adolescence”
• Led the child study movement to improve conditions for children & teens

Question 14

Stanley Hall - Theories [3]

Answer 14

• Defined adolescence as ages 14–24
• Theory of Recapitulation: Development repeats the history of human evolution (not supported today)
• Storm and Stress: Teens experience emotional ups and downs due to hormones

Question 15

Who is an Adolescent? - [3] Stages

Answer 15

• Between childhood and adulthood

Stages:

• Early adolescence: 11 – 14 years
• Middle adolescence: 15 – 18 years
• Late adolescence: 19 – 22 years

Question 16

Who is an Adolescent according to the World Health Organization (WHO)? [1]

Answer 16

10 – 19 years olds

Question 17

[4] Key Characteristics of Adolescence

Answer 17

• Puberty & biological changes
• Advanced cognitive abilities (thinking more complex)
• Transition into new social roles
• Psychosocial development

Question 18

Key Key Characteristics of Adolescence - Psychosocial development [4]

Answer 18

• Autonomy (making own decisions)
• Identity (figuring out who you are)
• Intimacy (developing close relationships)
• Sexuality, achievement

Question 19

[5] Theories of Adolescence

Answer 19

1. Biosocial Theories
2. Organismic Theories
3. Learning Theories
4. Sociological/Anthropological Theories
5. Socio-contextual Theories

Question 20

Theories of Adolescence - Biosocial Theories [2]

Answer 20

• Stanley Hall: Biological changes drive adolescence
• Dual Systems Theories: Brain systems develop at different rates

Question 21

Theories of Adolescence - Organismic Theories [4]

Answer 21

• Freud: Psychosexual development
• Erikson: Identity vs. role confusion
• Piaget: Cognitive development, ability to think abstractly
• Kohlberg: Moral development

Question 22

Theories of Adolescence - Learning theory [1]

Answer 22

Bandura: Learning from watching others (social learning)

Question 23

Theories of Adolescence - Sociological/Anthropological Theories [3]

Answer 23

Lewin, Vygotsky and Mead: Focus on social and cultural influences

Question 24

Theories of Adolescence - Socio-contextual Theory [2]

Answer 24

• Bronfenbrenner: Social systems influence development
• Lerner: Importance of context and environment