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OB Hagen > Chapter 49- 2nd and 3rd Trimester > Flashcards

Chapter 49- 2nd and 3rd Trimester Flashcards

1
Q

the ventricles of the heart come to a point called the _________; normally is directed toward the left hip

A

apex

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2
Q

the portion of the cerebral ventricular system where the lateral lobes, temporal lobes, and occipital lobes connect; located posterior and lateral to the thalami

A

atrium of the lateral

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3
Q

indicates that the fetal head is toward the fundus of the uterus

A

breech

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4
Q

a cavity within the septum pellucidum in the anterior midportion of the fetal brain

A

cavum septum pellucidum

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5
Q

echogenic tissue within the lateral ventricles that produces central nervous system fluid and is seen prominently during second-trimester fetal sonography

A

choroid plexus

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6
Q

a posterior fossa cistern that contains cerebrospinal fluid

A

cisterna magna

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7
Q

a narrow band of compact tissue forming a solid covering over the roof of the third ventricle and connecting the hemispheres of the brain

A

corpus callosum

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8
Q

structure that carries oxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

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9
Q

structure that carries oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava

A

ductus venosus

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10
Q

an echo within a fetal heart chamber that is as bright (echogenic) as bone and persists despite changes in the sonographic plane

A

echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF)

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11
Q

protrusion or bulging of the forehead

A

frontal bossing

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12
Q

adjusting an individual patient’s risk assessment for aneuploidy based on the presence or absence of sonographic markers

A

genetic sonogram

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13
Q

increased echogenicity of the bowel associated with aneuploidy risk and fetal pathology

A

hyperechoic bowel

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14
Q

the largest portion of the ventricular system in the fetal cranium

A

lateral ventricles

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15
Q

the probability that a fetus exhibiting a specific finding will be affected by a specific condition; likelihood ratios in pregnancy are typically used to predict risk for aneuploidy

A

likelihood ratio

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16
Q

a large tongue seen persistently extending outside of the fetal mouth

A

macroglossia

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17
Q

abnormally small chin

A

micrognathia

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18
Q

linear echoes located centrally in the fetal head that are produced by the borders of the opposing cerebral hemispheres

A

midline echo (the falx)

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19
Q

written representation by graphs, diagrams, or charts of the relationship between numeric variables

A

nomogram

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20
Q

typical position of the abdominal organs with the liver and inferior vena cava on the right, the stomach on the left, and the apex of the heart directed toward the left

A

normal situs

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21
Q

the thickness of fetal skin at the back of the fetal neck that may be visualized and measured between 16 and 20 weeks’ gestational age to assess aneuploidy risk

A

nuchal skin fold

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22
Q

mild dilation of the renal pelvis

A

pyelectasis

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23
Q

indicates that the fetus is lying transversely in the uterus, horizontally, or perpendicular to the maternal sagittal axis

A

transverse fetal lie

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24
Q

enlargement of the cerebral ventricles

A

vertriculomegaly

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25
Q

indicates that the fetus is positioned head down in uterus

A

vertex

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26
Q

What weeks are considered the 1st trimester

A

0-12

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27
Q

What weeks are considered the 2nd trimester

A

13-26

28
Q

What weeks are considered the 3rd trimester

A

27-42

29
Q

As sonographers, what are we evaluating in the 2nd trimester scan

A

1) Surveying the uterus
2) Observing cardiac activity
3) Position, number of fetuses, and placenta
4) Assess amniotic fluid
5) Look for uterine or placental masses as well as fetal anomalies

30
Q

Anatomically, the stomach is on the _____GB on the _____ and the apex of the heart should be toward the fetal _____ side.

A

1) left
2) right
3) left side

31
Q

What are the 2 types of fetal brain tissue?

A

The dura and pia arachnoid

32
Q

By week ____, the cranial bones ossify

A

12

33
Q

By week ___ the texture characteristics of each brain structure have been determined

A

18

34
Q

The cranium may appear hypoechoic or cystic

True/False

A

True

35
Q

Water content in fetal brain is ________

High or low?

A

high

36
Q

When scanning a 2-3rd trimester patient, what are we looking for?

A 
Surveying the uterus
Cardiac Activity
Position and # of fetus and placenta
Assess amniotic fluid
Look for uterine or placental masses and fetal anomalies.
37
Q

What are the 4 fetal presentations?

A

1) Vertex
2) Breech
3) Transverse
4) Situs

38
Q

Breech means that the ______ is closest in proximity to the direction of the cervix and the ______ is directed toward the uterine fundus.

Words:
Cranium/Body

A

Body

cranium

39
Q

Vertex means the _____ is the closest in proximity to the cervix and the ____is directed towards the uterine fundus

Words:
Cranium/Body

A

cranium

body

40
Q

There are 3 fetal lie. What are they?

A

1) Longitudinal
2) Transverse
3) Oblique

41
Q

Situs is determining the fetus’ ____ and ____, which is EXTREMELY important.

A

right and left side

42
Q

What are the two types of fetal brain tissue?

A

Dura and pia arachnoid

43
Q

What are the functions of the amniotic fluid?

A

1) Allows fetus to move freely
2) Maintains intrauterine cavity temp.
3) Protects fetus from injury
4) Produced by umbilical cord and membranes, lungs, skin, and kidneys
5) Fetal urination accounts for nearly the total AFF in 2nd trimester

44
Q

The placenta’s major role is to deliver _______ and ______

A

oxygen and nutrients

45
Q

The echogenicity of the placenta is heterogenous during the 2nd trimester?

T/F

A

FALSE

The placenta is homogenous during 2nd trimester and becomes hetergenous during the 3rd trimester.

46
Q

Position of placenta is not that important.

T/F

A

FALSE

47
Q

With the umbilical cord, there are two arteries and one vein

T/F

A

True

48
Q

When imaging the extremities, what are we looking for?

A

, echogenicity, normal growth patterns, bowing, fractures and demineralization.

49
Q

The kidneys are located on either side of the spine and are apparent as early as ______ weeks

A

15 weeks

50
Q

What are we looking for in the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, adrenal glands, ureter, and bladder.

51
Q

What are we looking for in the gastrointestinal system?

A

Esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines (note echogenicity)

52
Q

The stomach can be seen as early as _____ weeks, and should be seen in full at ______ weeks

A

11, 16

53
Q

Fetoplacental circulation. Look at the:

A

liver, PV system, hepatic veins/arteries, GB and bile duct.

54
Q

muscle that seperates the thorax from abdomen

A

diaphragm

55
Q

To rule out diaphragmatic hernia, it is important to look and see a intact ______.

A

diaphragm

56
Q

The heart should be evaluated for:

A

position, presence of right ventricle, equal size of ventricles and atria, septal defects, and rhythm and rate.

57
Q

landmark for assessing fetal heart location

Observed as solid homogenous masses of tissue bordered medially by the heart, inferiorly by diagram, and laterally by ribs.

A

The thorax

58
Q

Spine should taper towards the sacrum.

T/F

A

True

59
Q

Spine should have the double lined “Railway sign” appearance.

T/F

A

True

60
Q

A renal pelvis that measures >10 mm beyond 20 weeks is normal

T/F

A

False

It is ABNORMAL

61
Q

Adrenal glands are most frequently seen in transverse as early as _____weeks?

A

20 weeks

62
Q

When imaging the fetal profile what are we looking for?

A

Frontal Bossing (protruding forehead) and Micrognathia (undersized jaw) and to r/o clefting

63
Q

The BPD is aquired at the widest transverse diameter and has the landmarks of thalmus, CSP, and midline echo complex

T/F

A

True

64
Q

Fetal Head Survey

How should the contour be?

A

round or oval w/ smooth surface

65
Q

Fetal Head Survey

Transverse plane. What are your images?

A

1) IHF or falx cerebri observed
2) 2 paried ventricles, midline 3rd and 4th
3) choroid plexus
4) Cavum septum pellucidi
5) Thalmus
6) Posterior fossa

OB Hagen (8 decks)

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