CHAPTER 46-48 Flashcards
Brain and spinal cord are what nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS)
Neurons outside the brain, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves are what nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nervous that makes muscles work
Somatic nerves
Nerves leaving the peripheral nervous system are (Efferent or Afferent) these would be leaving the____ or ____
Efferent
Spinal cord or ganglia
What system keeps you breathing
Autonomic system
Sympathetic system is adrenergic it is flight or fight
Adrenergic
Parasympathetic is___
It’s transmitter is____
Cholinergic
Acetylcholine
What keeps people small, so that a person can see close-up
Parasympathetic
Fight or flight is controlled by
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic is___
Can either be____
Vegetative, bowel and bladder.
Stimulated or blocked
What blocks or stops The parasympathetic
Anticholerginc
What are specific for certain drugs or circulating hormones, catecholamines, or enzymes
Receptors
What chemical substance carries messages from one neuron to another
NeuroTransmitters
Neurotransmitters ____& stored in____terminals And are released in response to______
Synthesize.
Presynaptic nerve. Electric impulses
Neurotransmitters bind to____in ____.
They will_____or____ ____
Receptors.
Cell membrane.
Excite or inhibit.
Postsynaptic neurons
Microscopic gap that separates neurons in a chain; location where where transmitters released and removal occurs. Or set the signal. This occurs by? Which is the most?
Synapsis.
Electric or chemical.
Chemical communicate with other neurons or target cells
Receptors are ____ located where____
They are affected by changes in ____
These are constantly being_____
Proteins. Cell membrane.
Synaptic activity.
Synthesized or degraded
PNS functions are described as___(3)
This also includes (4)
75% of of PNS nerve fibers are located in the
Resting, repaired, or vegetative
Digestion, excretion, cardiac deceleration, near vision
Vagus nerve
What drugs stimulate the parasympathetic__
What two diseases are these used for? What are unpleasant effects from these drugs?
Cholergenic
Myasthenia gravis & Alzheimer’s disease
Go to the bathroom a lot and G.I. movement a lot.
Acetylcholine is released from___
In the brain, its role is (3)
Brain.
Cognitive function, memory storage, and retrieval
Acetylcholine’s role in the gut promotes
Urinary
Secretory motor activity-increased secretions more diarrhea
Muscle contraction or relaxation to facilitate urination.
Chlorogenic drugs contradictions because they will (increase or decrease )contractility of (smooth muscle or skeletal) muscle they are contradicted in what (4)
Increase smooth muscle
Urinary board G.I. tract obstruction. Asthma. Inflammatory disease. Inflammatory abdominal conditions, recent bowel surgery
If a person has coronary artery disease and taking a Cholinergenic drug what would happen
Muscles in the arteries and heart would tighten making the heartbeat harder with higher blood pressure
If a person is taking a: energetic drug and they had G.I. tract or urinary obstruction what could happen?
Rupture
Why would a person with a asthma or peptic ulcer disease not be given a cholinergic drug
Bronchioles are smooth muscle-they would be tightened making it harder to breathe.
Cholinergic drug causes mor secretions thus more acid
What 3 things did she mention that cholinergic drugs should not be used for that she did not give examples for
Inflammatory abdominal conditions, recent bowel surgery, hyperthyroidism
Why would a woman that is pregnant not be given a cholinergic drugs?
The uterine is smooth muscle
it would cause contractions and cause a miscarriage
What drug is given for Myasthenia gravis?
What is given for excess dosing and produces a____
What is given for maximum benefit?
What will reduce the risk of gastric distress, alterations?
Neostigmine (Prostigmin)
Atropine
Titration
Taken with food/milk
neostigmine (Prostigmin) is used in ___ . The disease causes____
Myasthenia gravis. Auto immune disease
Decreased number of receptors
The drug for myasthenia gravis Will cause
More acetylcholine to reach the receptors that are locked
____Works like neostigmine.
It is more or last common
Longer or shorter acting
Why are these drugs important?
Pyridostigmine (Mestinon)
More
Longer
Causes acetylcholine To stay inthe synapse longer and attach to the few receptors that are left
Myasthenia gravis causes a ____number of receptors
Decreased
What drug is used for Alzheimer’s disease. The goal is to.
When should this be taken
And how
donepizil (Aricept)
Slow down memory and cognition loss. Delay onset.
ON TIME
With a meal
Name of the drugs for Alzheimer’s and myasthenia gravis?
Where do they work at?
T or F, only in the parasympathetic
ALZ- donepezil (Aricept) and MG- neostigmine (Prostigmin)
n the synapse inhibiting acetylcholinesterase
False, Both receptors in the sympathetic and parasympathetic
Levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet) Drug is for what disease? What two other drugs are with this
Parkinson’s disease.
Anticholinegic
Dopaminergic
Parkinson’s disease is the result of ___ ___ in the ___ ___ In the brain.
What causes imbalance?
Imbalanced Neurotransmitters
Basal ganglia
Decreased dopamine and increased acetylcholine
What are the initial symptoms of Parkinson’s disease And called
Resting tremors begins in finger and thumb pill rolling
Common symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
Bradykinesia, inability to move, rigid lambs, shuffling gait, stooped posture, mask like facial expression, and soft speaking voice
Less common symptoms
Depression, personality changes, loss of appetite, sleep disturbances, speech impairment, sexual difficulty
Why would a person with Parkinson’s drool and have stomach problems?
T or F It is not Parkinson’s disease that causes rigidity to make their muscles freeze
Parasympathetic nervous system is working too much.
False, Causes rigidity, freezes muscles
What type of drug is used for Parkinson’s disease?
How does it work?
Anticholinergic
Correct neurotransmitter imbalence
_____ drug helps Parkinson’s disease By increasing levels of___ with___
Inhibiting actions of___with____
Levodopa/carbidopa
Dopamine. Dopaminergic
Acetylcholine. Anti cholinergics
The drug for Parkinson’s she called
Gold standard.
Ldopa Increases or decreases the ability of ____because it increases or decreases the precursor from which it is synthesized
Increase
Dopamine
Increases dopamine
____is put in with L-dopa because it prevents L-dopa from being ___ by the ___and the ___takes the rest. This is part of the absorption and then___
Carbidopa Inactivated Stomach Live Distribution
Dopaminergic Indications for use (21/2)
Dopaminergic’s are on which receptors
Idiopathic Parkinson’s
Secondary Parkinson’s
Aka extrapyramidal reaction
Post synaptic dopamine receptors
Dopaminergic contraindications to use
First 3 lines
Sensitivity to meds
Narrow angle glaucoma, depression
May activate malignant melanoma
Dopaminergic’s contradictions last 3 lines
Hypersensitivity crisis, peptic ulcer disease. Severe cardiovascular, Pulmonary, Renal, hepatic, or endocrine disorders
Will levodopa always have the same effect
No, eventually it doesn’t work as well
Aticholinergics are ____active (penetrate_____) are ____useful in Parkinsonism
Centrally
Blood-brain barrier
ONLY
Anticholinergics
Mechanism of action.
Indications for use
-Decrease effects of acetylcholine.
-Idiopathic parkinsonism.
Decreases salivation, specificity, and tremors
Anticholinergics are used in people with ___ symptoms
Relieve symptoms of _____
Good effect or no effect for bradyknesia
Minimal
Extrapyramidal reactions
No effect
Anticholinergics are for people ____ of ldopa
Used in___ therapy
Intolerant
Combination
