Chapter 2 basic concepts and processes Flashcards
Process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated
Absorption
Drug that produces effects similar to those produced by naturally occurring hormones, neurotransmitters, and other substances
Agonist
Drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites
Antagonist
Substance that relieves, prevent, or counteract the effects of a poison
Antidote
Portion of a drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells
Bioavailability
When drugs are altered from their original form into a new form by the body; also referred to as_____
Biotransformation.
Metabolism
Transport of a drug molecule within the body; after a drug is injected or absorbed into the bloodstream, it is carried by the blood and tissue fluids to its sites of action, metabolism, and excretion
Distribution
Drug or metabolites that are excreted in bile, reabsorbed from the small intestine, returned to the liver, metabolized, and eventually excreted in urine
Enterohepatic recirculation
Production of larger amounts of drug-metabolizing enzymes by liver cells; process accelerates drug metabolism because larger amounts of enzymes (and more binding sites) allow larger amount of drug to be metabolized during a given time
Enzyme induction
Process in which a molecule binds to enzymes and inhibits their activity
Enzyme inhibition
Elimination of a drug from the body; effective excretion requires adequate functioning of the circulatory and the organ of excretion (kidneys, bowel, lungs, and skin)
Excretion
Initial metabolism of some oral drugs as they are carried from the intestine to deliver by the portal circulatory system prior to reaching the systemic circulation for distribution to site of action
First-pass effect
Immune-mediated reaction to a drug
Hypersensitivity
Does larger than the regular prescribed daily dosage of a medication; used to attain a therapeutic blood level
Loading dose
Quantity of drug that is needed to keep blood levels and\or tissue levels at a steady state or constant level
Maintenance dose
Toxic or damaging effects of a substance on the kidney; potentially serious because renal damage interferes with drug excretion, causing drug accumulation and increased adverse effects
Nephrotoxicity
Reactions between living systems and drugs; drug actions are target cells and the resulting alterations in cellular biochemical reactions and functions
Pharmacodynamics
The movement through the body to reach sites of action, metabolism, and excretion
Pharmacokinetics
Initially in active drugs that exert no pharmacologic effects until they are metabolized
Prodrugs
Laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular time
Serum drug level
Time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%; also called_____
Serum half-life
. Elimination half-life
Constitutes the internal environment of body cells, is composed of water, electrolytes (potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate), proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
Protoplasm
Water makes up __of most cells; cellular are ______dissolved or suspended in the water
70%-85%.
Enzymes, electrolytes, and other chemicals
Provide chemicals for cellular reaction and are required for some processes (e.g. transmission of _____impulses in nerve and ___cells)
Electrolytes.
Electrochemical. Muscle
Consist of physical ___that form the structure of cells and chemical ____that function mainly as ___within the cell
Protein.
Protein, protein, enzyme
____, Mainly __ and ____Form the membranes that separate structures inside the cell in the cell itself from surrounding cells and body fluid
Lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol
____Play a major role in cell nutrition
Carbohydrates
____ Is present in ____fluid and is readily available to supply the cells need for energy. Also, a small amount of ___this stored within the cell as ___which can readily convert back to glucose when needed
Glucose.
Extracellular.
Carbohydrate.
Glycogen
___Regulates the types in amounts of proteins, enzymes, and other substances to be produced
Nucleus
The ____Surrounds the nucleus and contains the working of the cell. The ____, The clear fluid Portion of the cytoplasm, contains dissolved___, __, and ___
Cytosoplasm
Proteins, electrolytes, and glucose
The ____contains ribosomes, which synthesize proteins, including enzymes that synthesize_____ and those that _____ and other chemicals
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Glycogen, Triglycerides, and steroids. Metabolize drugs triglycerides, and steroids and those that metabolize drugs
The ER is also important in the production of ___by____ and the production of ____ by___
Hormones by glandular cells.
Plasma proteins by liver cells
The ____stores the substances produced by the ER. It also packages those substances into _____which then move out of it into the cytoplasm after a stimulus, are released from the cells
Golgi complex.
Secretory granules
____ Generate energy for cellular activities and require oxygen.
Mitochondria
___ Are membrane enclosed vesicles that contain ___capable of digesting nutrients (___,___,___) damaged cellular structures, foreign substances (e.g. ___), and the ___ itself.
Lysosomes.
Enzymes. Proteins, carbohydrates, fats.
Bacteria and cell
The cell membrane consist of (4) Separates intracellular components from extracellular environment.
Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates
Cell membrane also provides receptors for ___and other biological active substances: participate in ____events that occur in helps regulate___&___
Hormones. Electrical. Growth and proliferation
The Thin cell membranes consist of which is ____interspersed with proteins.
Double layer of lipids
The lipid layer is composed of ______(____) molecules
Phospholipids (fatty acid and phosphate)
The proteins in the cell membrane are usually combined with a ___and called___
Carbohydrate.
Glycoproteins
Some proteins provide structural pores through which water and water-soluble substances (___,____&___) can defuse between ___&____
Sodium, potassium, and calcium ions. Extracellular and intracellular fluid
Other proteins it is carriers to transport substances through the ____. Still others act to regulate ____function or as ____to catalyze chemical reactions within the sound
So membrane. Intracellular. Enzymes
Carbohydrates in the cell membrane occurs mainly in combination with____(___) or ____(___)
Proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (Glycolipids)
What are the three main pathways of drug movement across cell membranes
Direct penetration, protein channel, carrier protein
Most common pathway is direct penetration of the membrane by___, Which are able to dissolve in the lipid layer of the____
Lipid-soluble drugs.
Cell membrane
Most drugs are formulated to be ___soluble so they can move through ___. Even oral tablets and capsules must be sufficiently water soluble to dissolve in aqua’s fluids of the___&____
Lipid. Cell membrane.
Stomach. Small intestines
What pathway goes all the way through the cell membrane?
T or F, All drugs use this pathway And it is non-regulated
Protein channel.
F, small ion like Na & K
F, regulated by Protein flap that opens and shuts for ion movement
T or F –Carrier Protein pathway transports fats from one side of the cell membrane to the other.–Carrier proteins will also carry other stuff. –Drugs chemical structure has nothing to do with what the carrier will transport
F, Transport molecules.
F, Selective in substances transported.
F, Drugs chemical structure determines which carrier will transport it
The mechanisms was absorbed into the body, drugs are transported to and from target cells by (3)
Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
Which is the most common Mechanism that moves drugs from one area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
Passive diffusion
Mechanism that moves drug molecules combined with a carrier substance, such as AN enzyme or other protein
Facilitated diffusion
Mechanism that moves drugs molecules from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration
Active transport
Name the drug mechanism transport.
- -Combines with carrier substances, such as enzyme or protein.
- -Requirexs a carrier substance and the release of cellular energy.
- Drug is circulating Bloodstream then goes into the capillaries To cells
Facilitated diffusion.
Active transport.
Passive diffusion
___ Drugs dissolved in the lipid layer of the cell membrane and diffuse into or out of the cell.
Lipid soluble
Regulate the movement of ions
Gated channels
Attach to drug molecules and move them across cell membranes
Carrier proteins
Which drug is 100% bioavailable? Intravenous drug or oral drug.
Why?
Intravenous. The oral drug some of it is not adsorbed from the G.I. tract & goes to the liver where it is partially metabolized before reaching the systemic circulation
Oral drugs are dissolved in ___and then delivered to the ____before they are absorbed
Gastric fluid. Small intestine
Why are injected subcutaneous (subcut) or intermuscular (IM) absorbed more rapidly than oral drugs?
Muscle tissue has an abundant blood supply
What is That a name for the affect of sunscreen being applied.
Local
Name 3 drugs that are formulated in adhesive skin patches for absorption through the skin
Clonidine, fentanyl, Nitroglycerin
Giving Medication _____meal can minimize interactions that decrease drug absorption
One hour before or two hours after
____Foods to be avoided by patients taking MAO inhibitors include aged cheeses sauerkraut, soy sauce, check or draft beers and red wine
Tyramine
Interaction between ____ (____) which is an oral anticoagulant, and foods containing vitamin ____because This vitamin antagonizes the action of this drug.
Warfarin (Coumadin).
Vitamin K
Which vegetables contain vitamin K?
Vitamin K can offset the _____effects and predispose the person to
Spinach and other green leafy vegetables.
Anticoagulant (Coumadin)
Thromboembolic Disorder
What is the name of the antibiotic when consumed with Gary products are to form a non-absorbable Compound that is excreted in the feces
Tetracycline
Grapefruit contains a substance that strongly inhibits the metabolism of drugs normally metabolized by the enzyme. This greatly increases the blood levels of some drugs. What?
CYP3A4 &. Statin group of cholesterol-lowering drugs
