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Abrams clinical drug therapy > Chapter 2 basic concepts and processes > Flashcards

Chapter 2 basic concepts and processes Flashcards

1
Q

Process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated

A

Absorption

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2
Q

Drug that produces effects similar to those produced by naturally occurring hormones, neurotransmitters, and other substances

A

Agonist

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3
Q

Drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites

A

Antagonist

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4
Q

Substance that relieves, prevent, or counteract the effects of a poison

A

Antidote

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5
Q

Portion of a drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells

A

Bioavailability

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6
Q

When drugs are altered from their original form into a new form by the body; also referred to as_____

A

Biotransformation.

Metabolism

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7
Q

Transport of a drug molecule within the body; after a drug is injected or absorbed into the bloodstream, it is carried by the blood and tissue fluids to its sites of action, metabolism, and excretion

A

Distribution

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8
Q

Drug or metabolites that are excreted in bile, reabsorbed from the small intestine, returned to the liver, metabolized, and eventually excreted in urine

A

Enterohepatic recirculation

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9
Q

Production of larger amounts of drug-metabolizing enzymes by liver cells; process accelerates drug metabolism because larger amounts of enzymes (and more binding sites) allow larger amount of drug to be metabolized during a given time

A

Enzyme induction

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10
Q

Process in which a molecule binds to enzymes and inhibits their activity

A

Enzyme inhibition

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11
Q

Elimination of a drug from the body; effective excretion requires adequate functioning of the circulatory and the organ of excretion (kidneys, bowel, lungs, and skin)

A

Excretion

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12
Q

Initial metabolism of some oral drugs as they are carried from the intestine to deliver by the portal circulatory system prior to reaching the systemic circulation for distribution to site of action

A

First-pass effect

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13
Q

Immune-mediated reaction to a drug

A

Hypersensitivity

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14
Q

Does larger than the regular prescribed daily dosage of a medication; used to attain a therapeutic blood level

A

Loading dose

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15
Q

Quantity of drug that is needed to keep blood levels and\or tissue levels at a steady state or constant level

A

Maintenance dose

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16
Q

Toxic or damaging effects of a substance on the kidney; potentially serious because renal damage interferes with drug excretion, causing drug accumulation and increased adverse effects

A

Nephrotoxicity

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17
Q

Reactions between living systems and drugs; drug actions are target cells and the resulting alterations in cellular biochemical reactions and functions

A

Pharmacodynamics

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18
Q

The movement through the body to reach sites of action, metabolism, and excretion

A

Pharmacokinetics

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19
Q

Initially in active drugs that exert no pharmacologic effects until they are metabolized

A

Prodrugs

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20
Q

Laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular time

A

Serum drug level

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21
Q

Time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%; also called_____

A

Serum half-life

. Elimination half-life

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22
Q

Constitutes the internal environment of body cells, is composed of water, electrolytes (potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate), proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

A

Protoplasm

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23
Q

Water makes up __of most cells; cellular are ______dissolved or suspended in the water

A

70%-85%.

Enzymes, electrolytes, and other chemicals

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24
Q

Provide chemicals for cellular reaction and are required for some processes (e.g. transmission of _____impulses in nerve and ___cells)

A

Electrolytes.

Electrochemical. Muscle

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25
Q

Consist of physical ___that form the structure of cells and chemical ____that function mainly as ___within the cell

A

Protein.

Protein, protein, enzyme

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26
Q

____, Mainly __ and ____Form the membranes that separate structures inside the cell in the cell itself from surrounding cells and body fluid

A

Lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol

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27
Q

____Play a major role in cell nutrition

A

Carbohydrates

28
Q

____ Is present in ____fluid and is readily available to supply the cells need for energy. Also, a small amount of ___this stored within the cell as ___which can readily convert back to glucose when needed

A

Glucose.
Extracellular.
Carbohydrate.
Glycogen

29
Q

___Regulates the types in amounts of proteins, enzymes, and other substances to be produced

A

Nucleus

30
Q

The ____Surrounds the nucleus and contains the working of the cell. The ____, The clear fluid Portion of the cytoplasm, contains dissolved___, __, and ___

A

Cytosoplasm

Proteins, electrolytes, and glucose

31
Q

The ____contains ribosomes, which synthesize proteins, including enzymes that synthesize_____ and those that _____ and other chemicals

A 
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Glycogen, Triglycerides, and steroids. 
Metabolize drugs triglycerides, and steroids and those that metabolize drugs
32
Q

The ER is also important in the production of ___by____ and the production of ____ by___

A

Hormones by glandular cells.

Plasma proteins by liver cells

33
Q

The ____stores the substances produced by the ER. It also packages those substances into _____which then move out of it into the cytoplasm after a stimulus, are released from the cells

A

Golgi complex.

Secretory granules

34
Q

____ Generate energy for cellular activities and require oxygen.

A

Mitochondria

35
Q

___ Are membrane enclosed vesicles that contain ___capable of digesting nutrients (___,___,___) damaged cellular structures, foreign substances (e.g. ___), and the ___ itself.

A

Lysosomes.
Enzymes. Proteins, carbohydrates, fats.
Bacteria and cell

36
Q

The cell membrane consist of (4) Separates intracellular components from extracellular environment.

A

Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates

37
Q

Cell membrane also provides receptors for ___and other biological active substances: participate in ____events that occur in helps regulate___&___

A

Hormones. Electrical. Growth and proliferation

38
Q

The Thin cell membranes consist of which is ____interspersed with proteins.

A

Double layer of lipids

39
Q

The lipid layer is composed of ______(____) molecules

A

Phospholipids (fatty acid and phosphate)

40
Q

The proteins in the cell membrane are usually combined with a ___and called___

A

Carbohydrate.

Glycoproteins

41
Q

Some proteins provide structural pores through which water and water-soluble substances (___,____&___) can defuse between ___&____

A

Sodium, potassium, and calcium ions. Extracellular and intracellular fluid

42
Q

Other proteins it is carriers to transport substances through the ____. Still others act to regulate ____function or as ____to catalyze chemical reactions within the sound

A

So membrane. Intracellular. Enzymes

43
Q

Carbohydrates in the cell membrane occurs mainly in combination with____(___) or ____(___)

A

Proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (Glycolipids)

44
Q

What are the three main pathways of drug movement across cell membranes

A

Direct penetration, protein channel, carrier protein

45
Q

Most common pathway is direct penetration of the membrane by___, Which are able to dissolve in the lipid layer of the____

A

Lipid-soluble drugs.

Cell membrane

46
Q

Most drugs are formulated to be ___soluble so they can move through ___. Even oral tablets and capsules must be sufficiently water soluble to dissolve in aqua’s fluids of the___&____

A

Lipid. Cell membrane.

Stomach. Small intestines

47
Q

What pathway goes all the way through the cell membrane?

T or F, All drugs use this pathway And it is non-regulated

A

Protein channel.
F, small ion like Na & K
F, regulated by Protein flap that opens and shuts for ion movement

48
Q

T or F –Carrier Protein pathway transports fats from one side of the cell membrane to the other.–Carrier proteins will also carry other stuff. –Drugs chemical structure has nothing to do with what the carrier will transport

A

F, Transport molecules.
F, Selective in substances transported.
F, Drugs chemical structure determines which carrier will transport it

49
Q

The mechanisms was absorbed into the body, drugs are transported to and from target cells by (3)

A

Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport

50
Q

Which is the most common Mechanism that moves drugs from one area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

A

Passive diffusion

51
Q

Mechanism that moves drug molecules combined with a carrier substance, such as AN enzyme or other protein

A

Facilitated diffusion

52
Q

Mechanism that moves drugs molecules from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration

A

Active transport

53
Q

Name the drug mechanism transport.

  • -Combines with carrier substances, such as enzyme or protein.
  • -Requirexs a carrier substance and the release of cellular energy.
    • Drug is circulating Bloodstream then goes into the capillaries To cells
A

Facilitated diffusion.
Active transport.
Passive diffusion

54
Q

___ Drugs dissolved in the lipid layer of the cell membrane and diffuse into or out of the cell.

A

Lipid soluble

55
Q

Regulate the movement of ions

A

Gated channels

56
Q

Attach to drug molecules and move them across cell membranes

A

Carrier proteins

57
Q

Which drug is 100% bioavailable? Intravenous drug or oral drug.
Why?

A

Intravenous. The oral drug some of it is not adsorbed from the G.I. tract & goes to the liver where it is partially metabolized before reaching the systemic circulation

58
Q

Oral drugs are dissolved in ___and then delivered to the ____before they are absorbed

A

Gastric fluid. Small intestine

59
Q

Why are injected subcutaneous (subcut) or intermuscular (IM) absorbed more rapidly than oral drugs?

A

Muscle tissue has an abundant blood supply

60
Q

What is That a name for the affect of sunscreen being applied.

A

Local

61
Q

Name 3 drugs that are formulated in adhesive skin patches for absorption through the skin

A

Clonidine, fentanyl, Nitroglycerin

62
Q

Giving Medication _____meal can minimize interactions that decrease drug absorption

A

One hour before or two hours after

63
Q

____Foods to be avoided by patients taking MAO inhibitors include aged cheeses sauerkraut, soy sauce, check or draft beers and red wine

A

Tyramine

64
Q

Interaction between ____ (____) which is an oral anticoagulant, and foods containing vitamin ____because This vitamin antagonizes the action of this drug.

A

Warfarin (Coumadin).

Vitamin K

65
Q

Which vegetables contain vitamin K?

Vitamin K can offset the _____effects and predispose the person to

A

Spinach and other green leafy vegetables.
Anticoagulant (Coumadin)
Thromboembolic Disorder

66
Q

What is the name of the antibiotic when consumed with Gary products are to form a non-absorbable Compound that is excreted in the feces

A

Tetracycline

67
Q

Grapefruit contains a substance that strongly inhibits the metabolism of drugs normally metabolized by the enzyme. This greatly increases the blood levels of some drugs. What?

A

CYP3A4 &. Statin group of cholesterol-lowering drugs

Abrams clinical drug therapy (6 decks)

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