Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life Sciences 2 Midterm 2 > Chapter 45: Animal Defense Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 45: Animal Defense Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A
  • Protect against infection and microbes (Pathogens/viruses)

- Isolate and remove non-microbial foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some examples of pathogens?

A

Parasites, bacteria, protists, fungi, and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does non specific immune response do?

A

Protects against foreign substances without having to recognize their identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is specific immune response?

A

A immune response highly specific to certain substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two parts to non specific immunity?

A

Prevention and attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens during prevention?

A

Boundaries are sealed to ensure that nothing gets into the body
○ Stuff gets in by openings (mouth, nose, ears, eyes, anal canal, reproductive organs….)
• The blood stream is the freeway system in the body
○ Where the bacteria could move and navigate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When can “attack” occur?

A

Once the foreign substance is in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three barriers to infection?

A

Physical barriers, chemical barriers, and reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some physical barriers?

A

Skin, fibrous layer of the skin (Tears contain lysozymes), membranes of the respiratory and digestive system, mucous membranes of the ear (Ear wax) and urinary/reproductive systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some chemical barriers?

A

-Sebum, Mucous saliva, cilia, sweat, microphages, stomach acids, intestinal enzymes, defensines, lysozymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are examples of reflexes?

A

Sneezing and coughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are sebumes?

A

Oily acidic substance released from sabeceous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are lysozymes?

A

enzymes secreted from the mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are defensines?

A

Peptides secreted from the mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes up the lymphoid tissue?

A
  • Adenoids
  • Tonsils
  • Thymus
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Bone marrow
  • Lymphatic vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Type of cell in the bone marrow?

A

-Neutrophils (Most abundant Phagocytic cell) are armed with harmful chemicals
□ Releases cytokines
□ Releases vasodilators:
□ Releases Chem0taxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do chemotaxins do?

A

(chemoattractant) determines where exactly the immune cells need to go (what part of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do vasodilators do?

A

Increases diameter of the blood vessels to allow more immune cells can pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Act on other cells to coordinate appropriate immune responses.

20
Q

What is the function of Monocytes/Macrophages?

A
  • Phagocytosis: engulfs and digests cells
  • Activate T cells (found in thymus)
  • Once monoctyes enter tissue they become macrophages
  • **STRONG/LARGE IMMUNE CELLS
21
Q

What are Mast Cells?

A
  • Mast cells are found throughout connective tissues (not found in blood)
  • Are cells that do not interact directly
  • Release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation (they recruit these chemicals)
22
Q

What do B Lymphocytes do?

A
  • Transform into plasma cells and release antibodies into the circulation
  • Form memory cells: Next time the system is attacked by the pathogen, it takes less time to combat it
23
Q

What do Cytotoxic T Cells do?

A

-Release perforin and granzymes
>Digest and destroy
-Induce the protein FAS
- Induce apoptosis: programmed cell death

24
Q

What is nonspecific immune response/inflammation?

A
  • Occurs through cut or injury to the skin

- Sequence of events ensure to protect the body against infection

25
Q

What happens when we are attacked by pathogens?

A
  • Phagocytosis and recruitment
  • Vasodialation and increase permeability
  • Phagocytic cell migration
  • Tissue repair
26
Q

What happens when a sharp object penetrates the skin?

A

-Macrophages engulfs the microbes and foreign matter
-Meanwhile, they are recruting more immune cells
(In the interstitial fluid)

27
Q

How do microphages detect bacteria?

A

Receptor proteins (also used to engulf them)

28
Q

What do microphages release?

A

Cytokines

29
Q

What do Mast cells release?

A

Histamine

30
Q

What do injured cells release?

A

chemotaxins

31
Q

What happens during vasodilation and increased permeability?

A

-More immune cells travel to the cell of the site of the injury,increasing the diameter and permeability of the blood vessel
-Cytokines are going into the blood
-Immune cells/proteins exit the blood and increase the permeability
• Increase permeability means more water exits
• The volume of the extracellular fluid also increases

*Blood contains immune cells and water

32
Q

What causes vasodilation?

A

Histamine

  • Increase blood flow to infected areas
  • redness occurs
  • increase delivery of proteins
  • Edema (swelling) occurs
33
Q

What occurs during phagocytic cell migration?

A

-Calling for back up from immune cells
○ Travel through circulation and exit to the side of the blood vessel and set their own rate
○ Express special proteins on the surface that match the special proteins of the cells of the blood vessels
□ MARGINATION
-Exit via diapedesis
○ Side exit of the immune system
-Once the immune cells get to the fluid area, their direction/destination is controlled by the chemotaxin

Tells them exactly where to go, saves time

34
Q

What determines the immune cells’ direction/destination?

A

chemotaxin

35
Q

How do immune cells exit the blood vessels?

A

diapedesis

36
Q

The cytokines released by macrophagesignal the endoheial (blood vessel) cell to express what?

A

Selectin/enthelial interaction

37
Q

What do phagocytic cells produce on the membrane?

A

Integrin

38
Q

Phagocytic cells begin to move from the blood to the infected areas in a process called:

A

Integrin

39
Q

What attracts the phagocytic cells to the cite of the injury

A

chemotaxins

40
Q

How does phagocytosis occur?

A

The encounter:
• Opsonization (attachment)

Bind the pathogens before it is engulfed

-Step 1 Encounter a lysosome
-Step 2 Encountering a phagolysosome
>Include the digestive enzymes

41
Q

What does phagocytosis do? Why is this process important?

A

Some proteins from the bacteria are taken out to the surface of the macrophages

Displaying the protein sequence so that it is able to be destroyed faster next time

42
Q

Phagocytosis (basic) steps

A

Attachment, internalization, degradation, elimination of debris

43
Q

What is the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)?

A

-An extra-cellular destruction
>Embeds itself in the microbe membrane forming pores
>Water and salt enter the microbe
***DESTROYS the cell

44
Q

How does the complement system function?

A
  • Pore formation, Swelling (fluid rushes inside), and Lysis
  • The fluid that rushes into the pores destroys the cell
  • One part of the protein activates the other
45
Q

The complement system is an example of?

A

Nonspecific immunity

46
Q

Adaptive immune response

A
  1. Antigen encounter and recognition:
  2. Lymphocyte activation
  3. Antigen clearance
  4. Development of immunological memory

Life Sciences 2 Midterm 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions