Chapter 45: Animal Defense Systems Flashcards by Viridiana Gutierrez

What is the function of the immune system?

Protect against infection and microbes (Pathogens/viruses)

- Isolate and remove non-microbial foreign substances

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What are some examples of pathogens?

Parasites, bacteria, protists, fungi, and viruses

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What does non specific immune response do?

Protects against foreign substances without having to recognize their identity

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What is specific immune response?

A immune response highly specific to certain substance

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What are the two parts to non specific immunity?

Prevention and attack

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What happens during prevention?

Boundaries are sealed to ensure that nothing gets into the body
○ Stuff gets in by openings (mouth, nose, ears, eyes, anal canal, reproductive organs….)
• The blood stream is the freeway system in the body
○ Where the bacteria could move and navigate

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When can “attack” occur?

Once the foreign substance is in the body

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What are the three barriers to infection?

Physical barriers, chemical barriers, and reflexes

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What are some physical barriers?

Skin, fibrous layer of the skin (Tears contain lysozymes), membranes of the respiratory and digestive system, mucous membranes of the ear (Ear wax) and urinary/reproductive systems.

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What are some chemical barriers?

-Sebum, Mucous saliva, cilia, sweat, microphages, stomach acids, intestinal enzymes, defensines, lysozymes

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What are examples of reflexes?

Sneezing and coughing

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What are sebumes?

Oily acidic substance released from sabeceous glands

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What are lysozymes?

enzymes secreted from the mucous membranes

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What are defensines?

Peptides secreted from the mucous membranes

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What makes up the lymphoid tissue?

Adenoids
Tonsils
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow
Lymphatic vessels

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Type of cell in the bone marrow?

-Neutrophils (Most abundant Phagocytic cell) are armed with harmful chemicals
□ Releases cytokines
□ Releases vasodilators:
□ Releases Chem0taxins

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What do chemotaxins do?

(chemoattractant) determines where exactly the immune cells need to go (what part of the immune system

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What do vasodilators do?

Increases diameter of the blood vessels to allow more immune cells can pass

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What do cytokines do?

Act on other cells to coordinate appropriate immune responses.

What is the function of Monocytes/Macrophages?

Phagocytosis: engulfs and digests cells
Activate T cells (found in thymus)
Once monoctyes enter tissue they become macrophages
**STRONG/LARGE IMMUNE CELLS

What are Mast Cells?

Mast cells are found throughout connective tissues (not found in blood)
Are cells that do not interact directly
Release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation (they recruit these chemicals)

What do B Lymphocytes do?

Transform into plasma cells and release antibodies into the circulation
Form memory cells: Next time the system is attacked by the pathogen, it takes less time to combat it

What do Cytotoxic T Cells do?

-Release perforin and granzymes
>Digest and destroy
-Induce the protein FAS
- Induce apoptosis: programmed cell death

What is nonspecific immune response/inflammation?

Occurs through cut or injury to the skin

- Sequence of events ensure to protect the body against infection

What happens when we are attacked by pathogens?

- Phagocytosis and recruitment - Vasodialation and increase permeability - Phagocytic cell migration - Tissue repair

What happens when a sharp object penetrates the skin?

-Macrophages engulfs the microbes and foreign matter -Meanwhile, they are recruting more immune cells (In the interstitial fluid)

How do microphages detect bacteria?

Receptor proteins (also used to engulf them)

What do microphages release?

Cytokines

What do Mast cells release?

Histamine

What do injured cells release?

chemotaxins

What happens during vasodilation and increased permeability?

-More immune cells travel to the cell of the site of the injury,increasing the diameter and permeability of the blood vessel -Cytokines are going into the blood -Immune cells/proteins exit the blood and increase the permeability • Increase permeability means more water exits • The volume of the extracellular fluid also increases *Blood contains immune cells and water

What causes vasodilation?

Histamine - Increase blood flow to infected areas - redness occurs - increase delivery of proteins - Edema (swelling) occurs

What occurs during phagocytic cell migration?

-Calling for back up from immune cells ○ Travel through circulation and exit to the side of the blood vessel and set their own rate ○ Express special proteins on the surface that match the special proteins of the cells of the blood vessels □ MARGINATION -Exit via diapedesis ○ Side exit of the immune system -Once the immune cells get to the fluid area, their direction/destination is controlled by the chemotaxin Tells them exactly where to go, saves time

What determines the immune cells' direction/destination?

chemotaxin

How do immune cells exit the blood vessels?

diapedesis

The cytokines released by macrophagesignal the endoheial (blood vessel) cell to express what?

Selectin/enthelial interaction

What do phagocytic cells produce on the membrane?

Integrin

Phagocytic cells begin to move from the blood to the infected areas in a process called:

Integrin

What attracts the phagocytic cells to the cite of the injury

chemotaxins

How does phagocytosis occur?

The encounter: • Opsonization (attachment) Bind the pathogens before it is engulfed -Step 1 Encounter a lysosome -Step 2 Encountering a phagolysosome >Include the digestive enzymes

What does phagocytosis do? Why is this process important?

Some proteins from the bacteria are taken out to the surface of the macrophages Displaying the protein sequence so that it is able to be destroyed faster next time

Phagocytosis (basic) steps

Attachment, internalization, degradation, elimination of debris

What is the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)?

-An extra-cellular destruction >Embeds itself in the microbe membrane forming pores >Water and salt enter the microbe ***DESTROYS the cell

How does the complement system function?

- Pore formation, Swelling (fluid rushes inside), and Lysis - The fluid that rushes into the pores destroys the cell - One part of the protein activates the other

The complement system is an example of?

Nonspecific immunity

Adaptive immune response

1. Antigen encounter and recognition: 2. Lymphocyte activation 3. Antigen clearance 4. Development of immunological memory