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Life Sciences 2 Midterm 2 > Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

What processes does cell division define?

A
  • REPRODUCTION
  • DEVELOPMENT
  • MAINTENANCE OF ORGANS
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2
Q

What is reproduction?

A

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS WHEN A FEMALE SEX CELL IS FUSING WITH A MALE SEX CELL
• FERTILIZATION
THEN THE CELL DIVIDES

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3
Q

Why is there an unlimited amount of sperm?

A

UNLIMITED AMOUNT OF SPERM IS DUE TO MITOSIS

DIVIDE INTO A CELL DIVISION, MEIOSIS, TO BECOME SPERM

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4
Q

Why are tissues able to repair and maintain themselves?

A

Cell Division allows tissues to repair and maintain their own cells

example: the lining of the small intestine is replaced every 5 days.

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5
Q

What parts of the tissue are responsible for repair and maintenance?

A

The Erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelets

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6
Q

Why don’t we run out of blood?

A

Cell division

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7
Q

What causes cancer?

A

Overwhelming, uncontrolled mitosis

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8
Q

What does cell division consist of?

A

DNA replication, separation of DNA, and regulation/control

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9
Q

What are Histones?

A

Histones are basic proteins, and their positive charges allow them to associate with DNA, which is negatively charged. Some histones function as spools for the thread-like DNA to wrap around.

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10
Q

What are chromosomes associated with? (2)

A

DNA and proteins

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11
Q

Haploid vs Diploid cells

A

Diploid cells, such as body cells, have two copies of chromosomes (2n), a total of 46 chromosomes. Haploid cells, such as sex cells, have 23 chromosomes each (n)

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12
Q

Chromosomes vs. chromatid

A

Each molecule is called a chromatid (initially attached all along their lengths by adhesive protein complexes called cohesins) and the two of the molecules are called a duplicated chromosome

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13
Q

Chromosome structure

A

Consists of 2 sister chromatids and a centromere in the middle

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14
Q

What does interphase consist of?

A

G1 (cell growth), G2 (cell preparation), S (DNA replication)

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15
Q

What is Mitosis and what does consist of?

A

Division of the nucleus

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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16
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

Actual cell division

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17
Q

What is the mitotic spindle?

A

Guide to make sure that the chromosomes are going in the correct path. Consists of Kinetochore microtubules, non-kinetochore microtubules, centrosomes ,spindle, microtubules, asters

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18
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Nucleolous disappears
  • Mitotic spindle begins to form
19
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Structure: nine triplets of microtubules form one centriole
- two centrioles form one centrosome

Function - forms spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during cell
division

20
Q

What happens in Prometaphase?

A
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Kinetochore formation occurs
  • Microtubules are actually attaching to the centrometer
  • Some microtubules are physically attaching Kinetochore microtubules
  • NOT ATTACHED: nonkinetical. Makes sure the cell is stable
21
Q

Kinetochore structure

A

Protein structure on chromatids where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart.

22
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes perfectly align

- Distinct form of condensation

23
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

-Spindles separate from the straight line (from metaphase) as chromosomes

24
Q

What are non-Kinetochore microtubules?

A
  • Sliding of the nonkinetochore microtubules pushes poles apart increasing the total length of the spindle
  • The motor proteins from the microtubules are moving and attaching themselves. This shortens the microtubule.
25
Q

By what process are the damaged cells in a wound replaced?

A

Mitosis

26
Q

By what process are eggs formed?

A

Meiosis

27
Q

By what process does a zygote develop into a multicellular organism?

A

Mitosis

28
Q

In which process are identical daughter cells produced?

A

Mitosis

29
Q

Which process reduces chromosome # of daughter cells?

A

Meiosis

30
Q

What is the difference between Kinetochore microtubules and non-kinetochore microtubules?

A
  • kinetochore: microtubules that attach to kinetochores at the centromere of sister chromatids
  • non: do not attach to kinetochores and continue elongating and overlapping
31
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A
  • Spindle disassembles
  • Chromosomes decondense
  • Nucleolus reappears
  • New nuclear envelope forms
32
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis?

A
  • The cytoplasm divides to produce two daughter cells
  • microfilaments form and contract to constrict the cell in the middle until the two cells separate.
  • *Same amount of genetic material**
33
Q

How is the cell cycle regulated?

A
  • Internal check points to prevent any phase from beginning before the completion of the previous phase
  • Hormones and growth factors are external factors to coordinate the cell cycle with the needs of the organism
34
Q

What are the different ways that internal control is maintained? (4)

A

-Cyclin
-Cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)
>Cyclin dependent
>Regulated by kinase/phospatase
-G1-S transition checkpoint
-G2-M transition checkpoint

35
Q

What happens when cell division is unchecked?

A

• At first the cells have the same shape as the original shape as the other cells

  • Then as they grow, the shape changes
  • Extracellular matrix changes
  • Cells start to migrate: Metasisis
  • Spreading all over the body
  • Happens since the cells lose connection

examples: cancer and tumors (organs grow more than the maximum size)

36
Q

What is Meiosis?

A
  • Process that produces gametes that are haploid (n)
  • Produce four cells that are genetically different
  • Sexual reproduction
37
Q

Benefits of Meiosis?

A
  • Replication
  • Crossing over/swapping of segments
  • *Benefit: Genetic diversity
38
Q

What is the process of Meiosis?

A
  • Start: Homologous chromosomes
  • Homologous chromosomes replicate
  • Exchange segments
  • First meiotic division
  • Second meiotic division
39
Q

State Meiosis’ two parts

A

-Meiosis I: prophase I, prometaphase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I

–Meiosis II: prophase II, prometaphase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II

40
Q

What happens in prophase I?

A
  • Chomatids condense
  • Homologous pairs align
  • Chrosomes swap places (recombination: breaking and rejoining of DNA fragments)
  • *Genetic Diversity
41
Q

What are homologous chromosomes held together by?

A

A protein complex called the synaptonemal complex

42
Q

What happens in Metaphase I?

A

-Homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial plane
-Independent assortment
&raquo_space;3 chromosomes, 2^3 ways to arrange them

43
Q

Anaphase I and Telophase I

A

Anaphase I: two chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell as a result of the action of the spindle.
Telophase I: A nuclear envelope reforms around each chromosome set, the spindle disappears

Life Sciences 2 Midterm 2 (6 decks)

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