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Life Sciences 2 Midterm 2 > Chapter 42: Animal Hormones > Flashcards

Chapter 42: Animal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical signals secreted by cells of the endocrine system

>Can have a different response at every different cell

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2
Q

What are endocrine cells?

A
  • Cells that secrete chemical signals (such as hormones) into the blood stream
  • Can exist as single cells
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3
Q

What are target cells?

A

Cells that have receptors for chemical symbols

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4
Q

What do circulating hormones do?

A

Diffuse into the blood and activate target cells far from the site of release

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5
Q

What do Paracine signals affect?

A

Only target cells near the site of release

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6
Q

What do Autocrine cells affect?

A

The cells that released the signals. Bind to receptors

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7
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Secretory organs composed if aggregation of endocrine cells which secrete signals into the extracellular fluid
-Plays a role in the syncapetic response

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8
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

-Controls the entire endocrine system

• Sends signals

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9
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that have ducts tht carry their signal to the outside of the body or a body captivity (sweat gland, salivary gland, mammary gland, liver, pancreas)

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10
Q

How do neurons communicate with other cells?

A

Neurotransmitters

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11
Q

What are neurohormones?

A

Neurotransmitters that diffuse into the blood

-Will have effects far away

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12
Q

What are pheromones?

A

chemical signals released into the environment

>used to alert other animals

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13
Q

What chemical groups are used to classify hormones?

A
  • Peptides or proteins
  • Steroid hormones
  • Amine hormones
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14
Q

What are peptides/proteins (hormones)?

A

Water-soluable (will non go through membrane unless binded to a receptor)
-in the blood
-Signaling cascade
Example: Growth hormone and pituitary gland

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15
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A
  • Lipid soluble
  • MUST be bound to carrier proteins to be carried into the blood
  • Bind to receptors in the cell
  • cytoplasm/nucleus
    example: testosterone and estrogen
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16
Q

What are Amine Hormones?

A

-Derivatives of tyrosine
>Norepinephrine, epinephrine, T3, T4
-Smaller

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17
Q

Hormone characteristics

A
  • Membrane bound or intracellular
  • Lipid soluable (inside the cell)
  • Water soluble (receptors on the outside)
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18
Q

Examples of water soluble hormones

A

Corticotropin, TRH, TSH

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19
Q

What are the three domains for membrane-bound receptors?

A
  • Binding domain
  • Transmembrane domain
  • cytoplasmic domain

**Work through G protein coupling

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20
Q

Function of the binding domain

A

-Projects outside plasma membrane

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21
Q

Function of the Transmembrane domain

A

Anchors receptor

22
Q

Function of the cytoplasmic domain

A

Extends into the cytoplasm, initiates target cell response

>ACTIVATES G PROTEINS

23
Q

What is Epinephrine?

A

**FIGHT-OR-FIGHT response

Epinephrine bind to G couple receptors in the heart, blood vessels, liver, and fat cells

24
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

It is attached to the hypothalamus (contains neurons)

25
Q

What is the pituitary gland responsible for?

A

-Capilaries will allow the hormones to go through the blood and then circulate through the body system

26
Q

What are the Hypothalamus’ nuclei?

A

Hypothalamus’ nuclei are collections of cell bodies in the central nervous system.

27
Q

What does the paraventrivular nucleus do?

A
  • Projections (of axons) to the posterior pituitary release oxytocin and AntiDiareticHormone
  • Projections to the anterior pituitary release thyrotropin releasing hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone
28
Q

Thyrotropin releasing horomone

A
  • Comes from the hypothalamus (anterior pituitary)
  • Creates thyroid stimulating hormone
  • Goes through thyroid gland and produces T3 and T4
29
Q

Corticotropin releaing hormones

A
  • Comes from hypothalamus (anterior pituitary)

- Cause the release or Corticotropin, which will go to the adrenal gland and produce cortisol

30
Q

What are the function of Oxytocin and Antidiaretic Horomone?

A
  • ADH serves to increase the water released/retained by the kidneys when necessary
  • Oxytocin stimulates contractions, milk flow, promotes bonding (Cuddling)
31
Q

Hypothalamic hormones vs Anterior lobe hormones

A

Promote the release of hormones

32
Q

How does the hypothalamus send secretions to the anterior pituitary?

A

portal blood vessels

33
Q

What hormone is the thyroid gland interested in?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

34
Q

What hormone is the Adrenal gland interested in?

A

Corticotropin

35
Q

What part of the adrenal cortex releases cortisol?

A

Medulla

36
Q

Why does the body use negative feedback loops?

A

To moderate the intake/secretion of hormones.
-Maintain homeostasis (temperature)

-The hypothalamus will get signals from the brain (cortex) and decide what to do: release a hormone that will promote something from the antieror pituitary and release a tropic hormone (will go in blood stream then endocrine)

37
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

A

Increases the release of hormones…stretching of uterus during child birth

38
Q

What is the largest endocrine gland?

A

-The thyroid gland
>Stimulated by Thyroid stimulating hormone
-High rate of blood flow
-Filled with epitherlial that scretes T3 and T4

39
Q

Where are T3 and T4 made in the thyroid gland?

A

Follicle lumen

40
Q

What disease is associate with the thyroid gland?

A

Hypothyroidism: lack of iodine
»Thyroxine deficient
○ Not able to make t3 and t4
-Makes an antibody that mimic TSH. Binds to the receptors on the thyroid gland cells and increases thyroxine and T3/T4

41
Q

What is made in response to TSH?

A

Thyroglobulin

42
Q

Adrenal cortex structure

A

Cortex. Middle layer: zona fasciculata (creates cortisol)

43
Q

How is stress produced? starting in the hypothalamus

A

The hypothalamus releases Corticotropin releasing hormone which goes into the anterior pituitary which creates corticotropin and goes into the adrenal cortex to create cortisol

The cortisol will go into the body and create negative feedback in order to maintain homeostais

44
Q

What is cortisol?

A
  • Stress response
  • Increases blood glucose levels by inhibiting glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells
  • Blocks immune system reactions
  • Increase cardiac muscle contractions
45
Q

Compare and contrast anterior and posterior pituitary?

A
  • Anterior uses hormones from the hypothalamus to release blood to other organs
  • Posterior uses the same hormones from the hypothalamus

BOTH: release peptide hormones

46
Q

Many nonsteriod hormones act upon their target cells by causing:

A

the activation of adenylate cyclase

47
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A
  • Anterior Pituitary
  • Peptide
  • Target: Thyroid
  • Stimulates thyroid to product T3 and T4
48
Q

Adrenocoricotropic hormone

A
  • Anterior Pituitary
  • Peptide
  • Target: Adrenal Cortex
  • Stimulates release of cortisol
49
Q

Vassopressin/Antidiuretic Hormone

A

-Posterior Pituitary
-Peptide
-Target: Kidney
-Vasso: Increases BP due to more blood volume
ADH:Retain water (urine is more concentrated)

50
Q

Oxytocin

A

-Posterior Pituitary
-Peptide
-Target: Uterus, Mammory glands, and brain
-Happiness, lactation, and uterine contraction.
example of positive feedback

~Transported in blood

51
Q

Cortisol

A
  • Adrenal Gland, Cortex
  • steroid
  • Target: Immune system, liver, skeletal muscles
  • Stress hormone. Decreases effect of immune system and increases glucose levels
52
Q

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyonine (T3)

A
  • Tyroid Follicle Cells
  • Amine
  • Target: Every cell in hte body
  • Increase metabolic levels and temperature

Life Sciences 2 Midterm 2 (6 decks)

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