chapter 45 Flashcards
Innate
describes behaviors that are instinctive and carried out regardless of earlier experience
Learned
describes a behavior that depends on an individual’s experience
Displays
a pattern of behavior that is species specific and tends to be highly repeatable and similar from one individual to the next
Fixed action patterns
a sequence of behaviors that, once triggered, is followed through to completion
Key stimulus
a stimulus that initiates a fixed action pattern
Feature detector
a specialized sensory receptor or group of sensory receptors that respond to important signals in the environment
Non-associative learning
learning that occurs in the absence of any particular outcome, such as a reward or punishment
Habituation
the reduction or elimination of a behavioral response to a repeatedly presented stimulus
Associative learning
learning that two events are correlated
Classical conditioning
associative learning in which two stimuli are paired
Operant conditioning
associative learning in which a novel behavior that was initially undirected has become paired with a particular stimulus through reinforcement
Imitation
observing and copying the behavior of another
Imprinting
a form of learning typically seen in young animals in which a certain behavior is acquired in response to key experiences during a critical period of development
Kinesis
a random, undirected movement in response to a stimulus
Taxes
movement in a specific direction in response to a stimulus
Map Information
the knowledge of where an individual is in respect to the goal
Circadian clock
a biological clock, on a near-daily cycle, that can be set by external cues and regulates many daily rhythms
Photoperiod
day length
Communication
the transfer of information between two individuals, the send and the receiver
Sender
the individual who, during communication, supplies a signal that elicits a response from the receiver
Receiver
the individual who, during communication, receives from the sender a signal that elicits a response
Ritualization
the process of co-opting and modifying behaviors used in another context by increasing the conspicuousness of the behavior, reducing the amount of variation in the behavior so that it can be immediately recognized, and increasing its separation from the original function
Advertisement displays
behavior by which individuals draw attention to themselves or their status
Altruistic
self-sacrificial behavior in which an individual’s actions decrease its own fitness while increasing that of another individual
Group selection
selection caused by the differential success of groups rather than individuals
Evolutionary stable strategy
a type of behavior that cannot readily be driven to extinction by an alternative strategy
Reciprocal altruism
the exchange of favors between individuals
Kin selection
a form of natural selection that favors the spread of alleles promoting behaviors that help close relatives
