chapter 45

Question 1

Innate

Answer 1

describes behaviors that are instinctive and carried out regardless of earlier experience

Question 2

Learned

Answer 2

describes a behavior that depends on an individual’s experience

Question 3

Displays

Answer 3

a pattern of behavior that is species specific and tends to be highly repeatable and similar from one individual to the next

Question 4

Fixed action patterns

Answer 4

a sequence of behaviors that, once triggered, is followed through to completion

Question 5

Key stimulus

Answer 5

a stimulus that initiates a fixed action pattern

Question 6

Feature detector

Answer 6

a specialized sensory receptor or group of sensory receptors that respond to important signals in the environment

Question 7

Non-associative learning

Answer 7

learning that occurs in the absence of any particular outcome, such as a reward or punishment

Question 8

Habituation

Answer 8

the reduction or elimination of a behavioral response to a repeatedly presented stimulus

Question 9

Associative learning

Answer 9

learning that two events are correlated

Question 10

Classical conditioning

Answer 10

associative learning in which two stimuli are paired

Question 11

Operant conditioning

Answer 11

associative learning in which a novel behavior that was initially undirected has become paired with a particular stimulus through reinforcement

Question 12

Imitation

Answer 12

observing and copying the behavior of another

Question 13

Imprinting

Answer 13

a form of learning typically seen in young animals in which a certain behavior is acquired in response to key experiences during a critical period of development

Question 14

Kinesis

Answer 14

a random, undirected movement in response to a stimulus

Question 15

Taxes

Answer 15

movement in a specific direction in response to a stimulus

Question 16

Map Information

Answer 16

the knowledge of where an individual is in respect to the goal

Question 17

Circadian clock

Answer 17

a biological clock, on a near-daily cycle, that can be set by external cues and regulates many daily rhythms

Question 18

Photoperiod

Answer 18

day length

Question 19

Communication

Answer 19

the transfer of information between two individuals, the send and the receiver

Question 20

Sender

Answer 20

the individual who, during communication, supplies a signal that elicits a response from the receiver

Question 21

Receiver

Answer 21

the individual who, during communication, receives from the sender a signal that elicits a response

Question 22

Ritualization

Answer 22

the process of co-opting and modifying behaviors used in another context by increasing the conspicuousness of the behavior, reducing the amount of variation in the behavior so that it can be immediately recognized, and increasing its separation from the original function

Question 23

Advertisement displays

Answer 23

behavior by which individuals draw attention to themselves or their status

Question 24

Altruistic

Answer 24

self-sacrificial behavior in which an individual’s actions decrease its own fitness while increasing that of another individual

Question 25

Group selection

Answer 25

selection caused by the differential success of groups rather than individuals

Question 26

Evolutionary stable strategy

Answer 26

a type of behavior that cannot readily be driven to extinction by an alternative strategy

Question 27

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 27

the exchange of favors between individuals

Question 28

Kin selection

Answer 28

a form of natural selection that favors the spread of alleles promoting behaviors that help close relatives