chapter 22

Question 1

species

Answer 1

a group of individuals that can exchange genetic material through interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

Question 2

speciation

Answer 2

the process that produces new and distinct forms of life

Question 3

biological species concept (BSC)

Answer 3

species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Question 4

morphospecies concept

Answer 4

members of the same species usually look alike

Question 5

ring species

Answer 5

species with populations that are reproductively but not genetically isolated

Question 6

hybridization

Answer 6

interbreeding between two different species

Question 7

ecological niche

Answer 7

a complete description of the role the species plays in its environment

Question 8

ecological species concept (ESC)

Answer 8

the idea that there is one-to-one correspondence between a species and its niche

Question 9

evolutionary species concept (EvSC)

Answer 9

a species is a lineage with its own evolutionary role and tendencies

Question 10

pre-zygotic isolating factors

Answer 10

act before the fertilization of an egg

Question 11

post-zygotic isolating factors

Answer 11

factors come into play after fertilization

Question 12

behavioral isolation

Answer 12

individuals mate only with other individuals based on specific courtship rituals, songs or other behaviors

Question 13

lock and key systems (mechanical isolation)

Answer 13

structural configuration of the genitalia that prevents mating with another species

Question 14

temporal separation

Answer 14

pre-zygotic isolation between individuals that are reproductively active at different times

Question 15

ecological separation

Answer 15

pre-zygotic isolation between individuals that specialize ecologically in different ways

Question 16

partially reproductively isolated

Answer 16

not yet separate species but the genetic differences between them are extensive enough that the hybrid offspring they produce have reduced fertility or viability compared to offspring produced by crosses between individuals within each population

Question 17

genetic incompatibility

Answer 17

genetic dissimilarity between two organisms, such as different numbers of chromosomes, that is sufficient to act as post-zygotic isolating factor

Question 18

allopatric

Answer 18

populations that are geographically separated from each other

Question 19

dispersal

Answer 19

the process in which some individuals colonize a distant place far from the main source population

Question 20

vicariance

Answer 20

the process in which a geographic barrier arises within a single population, separating it into two or more isolated populations

Question 21

adaptive radiation

Answer 21

a period of unusually rapid evolutionary diversification in which natural selection accelerates the rates of both speciation and adaptations in a single lineage

Question 22

co-speciation

Answer 22

a process in which two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other and at the same time, producing matching phylogenies

Question 23

sympatric

Answer 23

describes populations that are in the same geographic location

Question 24

instantaneous speciation

Answer 24

speciation that occurs in a single generation

Question 25

polyploidy

Answer 25

the condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes in the genome

Question 26

reinforcement

Answer 26

the process by which diverging populations undergo natural selection in favor of enhanced pre-zygotic isolation to prevent the production of inferior hybrid offspring