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Bio 226 > chapter 44 > Flashcards

chapter 44 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Poriferans

A

an aquatic invertebrate animal of the phylum Porifera; a sponge.

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2
Q

Cnidarians

A

a phylum characterized by radial symmetry, two germ tissues in the embryo, a closed internal gastric cavity, and well-developed tissues but not organs

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3
Q

radial symmetry

A

symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower

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4
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

symmetry on both sides of a midline, animals with bilateral symmetry have a distinct head and tail, marking front and back, with a single plane of symmetry running between them at the midline

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5
Q

Bilateria

A

the monophyletic group of animals with bilateral symmetry

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6
Q

acoelomates

A

a bilaterian without a body cavity

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7
Q

coelomates

A

a body cavity surrounding the gut

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8
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

an invertebrate that has a fluid-filled body cavity not lined with mesoderm tissue

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9
Q

protostomes

A

a bilaterians in which the blastopore, the first opening to the internal cavity of the developing embryo, becomes the mouth

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10
Q

deuterostomes

A

a bilaterian in which the blastopore, the first opening to the internal cavity of the developing embryo, becomes the anus

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11
Q

lophotrochozoans

A

are a taxon of protostome animals

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12
Q

ecdysozoans

A

a group of protostome animals

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13
Q

choanocytes

A

a type of cell that lines the interior surface of a sponge

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14
Q

Eumetazoa

A

the monophyletic group of all animals other than sponges

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15
Q

gastric cavity

A

in cnidarians, a closed internal sit where extracellular digestion and excretion take place

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16
Q

epidermis

A

in mammals, the outer layer of skin, which serves as a water-resistant, protective barrier

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17
Q

endodermis

A

the inner lining of the cnidarian body

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18
Q

mesoglea

A

in cnidarians, a gelatinous mass enclosed in by the epidermis and endodermis

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19
Q

ctenophores

A

comb-jellies; species in this phylum have a radial body plan but a flow-through gut

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20
Q

Annelida

A

a phylum of worms that have a cylindrical body with distinct segments and a bilaterian body plan

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21
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

a transition period in geologic time during which the body pans characteristic of most bilaterina phyla developed

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22
Q

Mollusca

A

a monophyletic group distinguished by a mantle, which plays a major role in movement, skeleton-building, breathing, and excretion

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23
Q

gastropods

A

a group of mollusks consisting of snails and slugs

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24
Q

cephalopods

A

a monophyletic group of mollusks, including squid, cuttlefish, octopus, and chambered nautilus, with distinctive adaptations such as well-developed eyes and muscular tentacles that capture prey and sense the environment

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25
Q

bivalves

A

mollusks that includes clams, oysters, and mussels; they have an enclosing skeleton in which two hard shells are connected by a flexible hinge

26
Q

Arthropoda

A

a monophyletic group of animals that included insects and contains more than half of all known animal species, distinguished by their segmented bodies and jointed legs

27
Q

chelicerates

A

one of the four main groups of arthropods, including spiders and scorpions, chelicerates have pincer-like claws and are the only arthropods that lack antennae

28
Q

myriapods

A

one of the four main groups of arthropods, including centipedes and millipedes; distinguished by their many pairs of legs

29
Q

crustaceans

A

one of the four main groups of arthropods; including lobsters, shrimp, and crabs; distinguished by two pairs of antennae and their branched legs or other appendages

30
Q

metamorphosis

A

the process in some animals in which the body changes dramatically at key stages in development

31
Q

spiracles

A

an opening in the exoskeleton on either side of an insect’s abdomen through which gases are exchanged

32
Q

tracheae

A

an internal system of tubes in insects that branch from openings along the abdominal surface into smaller airways, directing oxygen to and removing carbon dioxide form respiring tissues

33
Q

Chordata

A

one of the three major phyla of deuterostomes, this group included vertebrates and closely related invertebrate animals such as sea squirts

34
Q

Echinodermata

A

one of the three major phyla of deuterosomes, defined by five-part symmetry; this group includes sea urchins and sea stars

35
Q

pharynx

A

the region of the throat that connects the nasal and mouth cavities; in hemichordates, a tube that connects the mouth and the digestive tract

36
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

a vertical opening separated form other slits by stiff rods of protein in the pharynx of hemichordates

37
Q

dorsal nerve cord

A

a nerve cord that develops in a location dorsal to the notochord, this embryonic feature is unique to chordates

38
Q

water vascular system

A

a series of fluid-filled canals that permit bulk transport of oxygen and nutrients in echinoderms

39
Q

tube feet

A

small projections of water vascular system that extend outward from the body surface and facilitate locomotion, sensory perception, food capture, and gas exchange in echinoderms

40
Q

vertebrates

A

a subphylum of Chordata, distinguished by a bony cranium that protects the grain and (unless lost through evolution), a vertebral column

41
Q

craniates

A

a subphylum of Chordata, distinguished by a bone cranium that protects the brains

42
Q

notochord

A

in chordates, a stiff rod of collagen and other proteins that runs along the back and provides support for the axis of the body

43
Q

vertebral column

A

a skeletal structure in vertebrates that functionally replaces the embryonic notochord that supports the body

44
Q

vertebrae

A

the series of hard bony segments making up the jointed skeleton that runs along the main axis of the body in vertebrates

45
Q

neural tube

A

in chordates, a cylinder of embryological tissue that develops into a dorsal nerve cord

46
Q

myotomes

A

in chordates, any one of a series of segments that organizes the body musculature

47
Q

hagfish

A

one of the earliest-branching craniates, with a cranium built of cartilage but no jaws; hagfish feed on marine worms and dead and dying sea animals

48
Q

lampreys

A

one of the earliest-branching craniates, with a cranium and vertebral column built of cartilage but no jaws; many lampreys live parasitically, sucking body fluids from fish prey

49
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

cartilaginous fish, a monophyletic group that includes about 800 species of sharks, rays and chimaeras

50
Q

Osteichthyes

A

bony fish that have a cranium, jaws, and mineralized bones, there are about 20,000-25,000 species

51
Q

fleshy-finned fishes

A

have muscles and Class Sarcopterygii

52
Q

coelacanth

A

a genus of two species of lobe-finned fish found off the coast of Africa and thought to have been extinct for 80 million years but which is still living today; along with lungfish, he nearest relative of tetrapod

53
Q

lungfish

A

several species of lobe-finned fish that use a simple lung to survive periods when their watery habitat dries by burying themselves in moist med and breathing air; along with coelacanths, the nearest relative of tetrapods

54
Q

Tetrapoda

A

a monophyletic group of animals whose last common ancestor had four limbs; this group includes amphibians, lizards, turtles, crocodilians, birds and mammals

55
Q

Amphibians

A

a monophyletic group of vertebrates, including frogs and salamanders, with an aquatic larval form with gills and an adult terrestrial form that usually has lungs

56
Q

amniotic egg

A

an egg that can exchange gases while retaining water, permitting amniotes to reproduce in dry terrestrial habitats that amphibian eggs cannot tolerate

57
Q

amniotes

A

the group of vertebrate animals that produce amniotic eggs, this group includes lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodilians

58
Q

Mammalia

A

a class of vertebrates distinguished by body hair and mammary glands from which they feed their young

59
Q

monotremes

A

are basal mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young like marsupials and placental mammals

60
Q

marsupials

A

a group of mammals that includes kangaroos, koalas, and opossums; their young are born at an early stage of development and must crawl to a pouch where mammary glands equipped with nipples provide them with milk

61
Q

placental mammals

A

a mammal that provides nutrition to the embryo through the placenta, a temporary organ that develops in the uterus; placental mammals include carnivores, primates, hooved mammals, and whales

Bio 226 (16 decks)

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