chapter 45 Flashcards

1
Q

What encompasses the physical habitat and ecological role of a species

A

Niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Niche ecology

A

Interactions ultimately define the realized niche out of the fundamental niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a species fundamental niche?

A

is how they COULD live in any ecosystem the species realized niche is how they Do live in a specific ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Species interact in communities
what are communities and Characteristics of communities?

A

communities- are sets of populations of different species that live in the same area and can potentially interact
Characteristics of communities include
- the species that are present
-The abundance of each species
-how the species interact
- NICHE!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Competition, predation, parasitism, and herbivory are interactions in which?

A

at least one species is harmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The effect of an ANTAGONISTIC interaction on an individual can be

A

Beneficial (+), harmful(-) or null (0)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Antagonistic interactions

A

Several interactions involve a winner and a loser, usually a feeder and a feedee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

competition

A

interspecific and infraspecific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Predation

A

Species A captures, kills, and feeds on individual of species B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Predation – Generalist

A

not usually a species- specific interaction
Some predators are highly evolved for efficiency at capturing one specific species of prey- Specialists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Herbivory

A

Species A captures and feeds on Specific B Specialists or generalists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Parasitism

A
  • Usually species- specific
  • can be a pretty complex relationship
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Interspecific competition

A

occurs when different species use the same limiting resources (space, food , light, silence, mate, water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Infraspecific competition

A

When individuals of the same species use the same limiting resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

competitive exclusion

A

two species with similar niches will clash competitively over limiting resources, therefor one will always the loser and one the winner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Resource partitioning and Exclusion

A
  • competirive exclusion played out over time results in initially similar species diverging in habitat use and feeding strategies
  • This process is known as resource partitioning, in which species whose niches overlap diverge and become different subspecies or species
  • The result is that the overlap between closely related groups is minimized
17
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

Driving a reduction in competition between closely related groups or those who use the same resources in very similar ways

18
Q

what does Habitat diversity promotes ?

A

Species coexistence
- How can predators and prey coxist?
- Habitat refuges allow prey populations to persist
- with refuges we see cycles of increase and decline of both predators and prey community Ecology!

19
Q

Predation

A

Predators often exert to TOP-DOWN CONTROL on prey populations ( and others) in ecological time
- American Chestnut example
- Fungus attacks vascular system chestnut dies
- Chestnut poop’n declines
- Oak, Beech, poplar Pop’ns increase

20
Q

in what interactions do both species benefits?

A

Mutualisms

21
Q

Mutualims

A

are usually specific obligate relationships
- Obligate means absolutely required Rather than “facultative” or optional

22
Q

The Mutualistic relationship often involves?

A

physiological dependence of one on the other
- it is specific partnership of two or more species
-Mutualism’s are product of a long coevolutionary process ( Lots of adaptation )

23
Q

Mutualisms can be ?

A

symbiotic realtionships

24
Q

Buchnera and Aphids

A

Aphids: essential amino acids from bacteria
BAteria: stable, favorable environment in which to live
Aphids: loss of sugar
Bacteria: Loss of some nutrients
Bacteria passed from mother aphids to daughter in egg cells

25
commensalisms
are interactions in which one species benefits and the other ha zero impact (beneficial+)
26
Facilitation
is a type of indirect interaction where one species creates a suitable habitat for another Examples- - Trees may alter the amount of sunlight that reaches the forest floor, creating conditions that benefit particular understory plants - Kelp forests in the oceans can create suitable habitat for other species.
27
communities are composed of local population of multiple species that may interact with each other
Biodiversity!!
28
communities
A community is composed of local populations of multiple species that may interact with one another
29
biodiversity
Biodiversity includes diversity of - genetic sequences, - Cell types, - Species, -Life histories, -Phylogenetic groups , -Communities , - Ecosystem
30
Species diversity is an important attribute of
community structure - It is critical to understand the impact of biodiversity losses -community diversity affects ecological functions and dynamics - diverse communities should capture more resources and produce more biomass -This implies that places in which biodiversity is reduced will support less life overall
31
Keystone species
When the integrity of community depends on the presence of a stable population of a single species.
32
Ecosystem Engineers
a type of keystone species. - Actively shaping the physical environment around themselves -Secondarily creating habitat for others
33
Succession
A process of recovery from disturbance Disturbance depopulate the community and releases resources - fire is a regular agent of disturbance in prairie communities and many forests storms cause tree fall that create light gaps in the forests canopy
34
diversification
Not all species "arrived" some are the result of diversification of immigrants into a vanity of niches Species that evolved in situ are ENDEMIC SPECIES Habitat diversity can lead to departures from simple island biogeography predictions.