chapter 45

Question 1

What encompasses the physical habitat and ecological role of a species

Answer 1

Niche

Question 2

Niche ecology

Answer 2

Interactions ultimately define the realized niche out of the fundamental niche

Question 3

what is a species fundamental niche?

Answer 3

is how they COULD live in any ecosystem the species realized niche is how they Do live in a specific ecosystem

Question 4

Species interact in communities
what are communities and Characteristics of communities?

Answer 4

communities- are sets of populations of different species that live in the same area and can potentially interact
Characteristics of communities include
- the species that are present
-The abundance of each species
-how the species interact
- NICHE!!!

Question 5

Competition, predation, parasitism, and herbivory are interactions in which?

Answer 5

at least one species is harmed

Question 6

The effect of an ANTAGONISTIC interaction on an individual can be

Answer 6

Beneficial (+), harmful(-) or null (0)

Question 7

Antagonistic interactions

Answer 7

Several interactions involve a winner and a loser, usually a feeder and a feedee

Question 8

competition

Answer 8

interspecific and infraspecific

Question 9

Predation

Answer 9

Species A captures, kills, and feeds on individual of species B

Question 10

Predation – Generalist

Answer 10

not usually a species- specific interaction
Some predators are highly evolved for efficiency at capturing one specific species of prey- Specialists

Question 11

Herbivory

Answer 11

Species A captures and feeds on Specific B Specialists or generalists

Question 12

Parasitism

Answer 12

• Usually species- specific
• can be a pretty complex relationship

Question 13

Interspecific competition

Answer 13

occurs when different species use the same limiting resources (space, food , light, silence, mate, water)

Question 14

Infraspecific competition

Answer 14

When individuals of the same species use the same limiting resources

Question 15

competitive exclusion

Answer 15

two species with similar niches will clash competitively over limiting resources, therefor one will always the loser and one the winner

Question 16

Resource partitioning and Exclusion

Answer 16

• competirive exclusion played out over time results in initially similar species diverging in habitat use and feeding strategies
• This process is known as resource partitioning, in which species whose niches overlap diverge and become different subspecies or species
• The result is that the overlap between closely related groups is minimized

Question 17

Resource Partitioning

Answer 17

Driving a reduction in competition between closely related groups or those who use the same resources in very similar ways

Question 18

what does Habitat diversity promotes ?

Answer 18

Species coexistence
- How can predators and prey coxist?
- Habitat refuges allow prey populations to persist
- with refuges we see cycles of increase and decline of both predators and prey community Ecology!

Question 19

Predation

Answer 19

Predators often exert to TOP-DOWN CONTROL on prey populations ( and others) in ecological time
- American Chestnut example
- Fungus attacks vascular system chestnut dies
- Chestnut poop’n declines
- Oak, Beech, poplar Pop’ns increase

Question 20

in what interactions do both species benefits?

Answer 20

Mutualisms

Question 21

Mutualims

Answer 21

are usually specific obligate relationships
- Obligate means absolutely required Rather than “facultative” or optional

Question 22

The Mutualistic relationship often involves?

Answer 22

physiological dependence of one on the other
- it is specific partnership of two or more species
-Mutualism’s are product of a long coevolutionary process ( Lots of adaptation )

Question 23

Mutualisms can be ?

Answer 23

symbiotic realtionships

Question 24

Buchnera and Aphids

Answer 24

Aphids: essential amino acids from bacteria
BAteria: stable, favorable environment in which to live
Aphids: loss of sugar
Bacteria: Loss of some nutrients
Bacteria passed from mother aphids to daughter in egg cells

Question 25

commensalisms

Answer 25

are interactions in which one species benefits and the other ha zero impact (beneficial+)

Question 26

Facilitation

Answer 26

is a type of indirect interaction where one species creates a suitable habitat for another
Examples-
- Trees may alter the amount of sunlight that reaches the forest floor, creating conditions that benefit particular understory plants
- Kelp forests in the oceans can create suitable habitat for other species.

Question 27

communities are composed of local population of multiple species that may interact with each other

Answer 27

Biodiversity!!

Question 28

communities

Answer 28

A community is composed of local populations of multiple species that may interact with one another

Question 29

biodiversity

Answer 29

Biodiversity includes diversity of
- genetic sequences,
- Cell types,
- Species,
-Life histories,
-Phylogenetic groups ,
-Communities ,
- Ecosystem

Question 30

Species diversity is an important attribute of

Answer 30

community structure
- It is critical to understand the impact of biodiversity losses
-community diversity affects ecological functions and dynamics
- diverse communities should capture more resources and produce more biomass
-This implies that places in which biodiversity is reduced will support less life overall

Question 31

Keystone species

Answer 31

When the integrity of community depends on the presence of a stable population of a single species.

Question 32

Ecosystem Engineers

Answer 32

a type of keystone species.
- Actively shaping the physical environment around themselves
-Secondarily creating habitat for others

Question 33

Succession

Answer 33

A process of recovery from disturbance
Disturbance depopulate the community and releases resources
- fire is a regular agent of disturbance in prairie communities and many forests
storms cause tree fall that create light gaps in the forests canopy

Question 34

diversification

Answer 34

Not all species “arrived”
some are the result of diversification of immigrants into a vanity of niches
Species that evolved in situ are ENDEMIC SPECIES
Habitat diversity can lead to departures from simple island biogeography predictions.