chapter 43 Flashcards
What is a behavior?
Any action by an organism, genrally a response to an stimulus, (a pieace of information gathered about the enviroment.
What is behavior a part of?
phenotype
Proximate
short term process acting within an individual’s lifetime affecting the behavior.
Ultimate
Long term evolutionary processes affecting the behavior.
Origin of a behavior
Developmental and Evolutionary
Developmental Behavior
How is the behavior acquired over an individuals lifetime?
Evolutionary Behavior
Where and how did the behavior arise in the past?
Implementation of a Behavior
Mechanistic and Adaptive
Mechanistic
How is the behavior caused through neural, muscular, and other processes?
Adaptive
How does the behavior enhance the survival and/or reproduction of individuals?
What are the 4 Niko Tinbergen’s question about any behaviors
Causation, development? , adaptive function’s? , evolutionary history?
Causation?
What causes the behavior to be performed example Responding to day length shift, air is passed through the syrinx, another male is singing nearby.
Development
Varies across bird species listen to father sing, hearing other, innate
Adaptive functions
Territory, mate, offspring , etc
Evolutionary history
Species specific songs are selected for through natural selection.
Did dinosaurs sang
yes!!!
How is the animal behavior shaped?
Animal behavior is shaped in part by genes acting through the nervous and endocrine systems.
What is learning a behavior of?
Learning is a change of behavior as a result of experience
Where does behavior comes from?
Behavior is influenced by both genetic (innate) and environmental(learned) factors
What did behavior evolved by?
Behavior evolves by natural selection just like another traits
What does behavioral traits vary on?
Populations
What basis does behavioral traits have in populations?
genetic basis
What do individuals with more advantageous behavior reproduce?
more offspring
What do advantageous behaviors do?
Increase
A common way to interpret a behavior?
Why does it increase survival and reproductive success? (ultimate causation!!!)
Courtship displays?
species- specific, highly repeatable similar among individuals of the species- WHy??
what is a fixed action pattern in Geese
Normal egg retrieval by a goose is an example of fixed action pattern, a stereotyped behavior in response to a stimulus
When does the behavior still persists?
Even if the egg is tied with a sting preventing it from being brought to the nest and a soccer ball elicits an even stronger response.
What is a fixed pattern?
A sequence of unlearned behaviors that is essentially unchangeable and invariant which is known as Innate behavior. Generally a behavior that is so important that all genetic variation has been lost.
Tinbergen’s experiment
Stimulus- Attack
What else triggers behaviors
Detection of features of a signal.
1. Sound patterns
2. Hormones and their derivatives.
3. Patterns of behavior of potential mates
4. Visual signal such as open mouth of chicks begging for food
Feature Detections.
- The nervous system must process stimuli in order for a response to be carried out.
- Stimulus recognition is often carried out by specialized sensory receptors that respond to important signals in the environment.
What did humans do to certain animal behaviors?
Humans artificially select for certain behaviors and we train behaviors into a domestic animal as well. Here we see a pointer doing its job, a behavior that has been bred into the dog breed.
Who is famous for developing the idea of OPERANT AND CLASSICAL conditioning
Povlov
Mating Behavior in Voles- ADH receptor
Prairie voles are monogamous ( 1 partner) , montane voles are Promiscuous ( many)
Researchers examined ADH receptors in the brain and discovered they are different in each species of vole.
Non associative learning?
that occurs in the absence of any particular outcome, such as a reward or punishment.
What is habituation?
The reduction or elimination of a behavioral response to a repeatedly presented stimulus.
What is human learning based on?
Much learning, including humans learning is based on imitation, one individual copies another
What does the capacity to learn in many instances seems?
Innate
Sensitization
another form of non- associative learning, is the enhancement of a response to a stimulus that is achieved by presenting a strong or novel stimulus first. This pre-stimulus makes the animal more alert and responsive to the next stimulus.
Associative learning
also called conditioning occurs when an animal learns to link ( or associate) two events.
Imprinting
A combo of learning and genes, based on the timing of learning- Ex. conrad Lorenz’s geese, and the Sandhill and Whooping Cranes ( Filial Imprinting)
What is require information processing?
What are often used together?
Orientation, navigation, and biological clocks are often used together.
Moving
in response to stimuli seen in even the simplest of organisms
Kinesis( plural “kineses”)
random, undirected movement
Taxis(plural Taxes)
Specific directional movement
Navigating
often involves a boatload of cues
1. Sun orientation
2. Landmarks
3. GPS in the brain
4. Olfactory signals
keeping time
- circadian clock
- lunar clock
- Annual clock
Migration
the long distance movement of a population associated with the change of seasons/ resources
What do communication involves?
Interaction between a sender and a receiver
What is communication
- any process in which a signal from one individual modifies the behavior of another individual.
- For communication to be completed, the signal must be
1. sent
2. Received and
3. acted upon
Dishonest communication
Generally only works when it is relatively rare. example ( Female Photuris fireflies flash the courtship signal of another species, then eat males that respond.
what is shaped by natural selection?
Social behaviors
Most behaviors can be interpreted as?
Benefiting the organism ( increasing fitness, and reproductive success.
Altruistic behaviors
decrease the fitness of the organism exhibiting the behavior and increase the fitness of the recipient.
Altruism
- How could such behaviors evolve?
- IF an allele makes an individual more likely to sacrifice itself to help someone else, it should be eliminated from a population.
Self sacrificing
Example of Altruism
Prairie dogs give alarm calls when they see a predator. This helps group, but increases the danger to the alarm caller.
Reciprocal Altruism
Usually between related individuals or friends other with whom you are familiar and spend time with.
Kin Selection
Is natural selection that favors altruistic behaviors directed at close relatives
Why does kin selection favors altruistic behaviors?
Because close relatives share many alleles, reproductive success of a close relative is almost as good as one’s own reproductive success.
What are the 2 ways to leave DNA behind in next generation
- by having offspring
- by helping close relative have offspring
hamilton’s rule
Elephant family groups why help others
Lions prides why share resources
Relatedness in social insects
Haplodiploidy
Operant Conditioning
A method that uses reward and punishment for learning
altruism
that occurs between unrelated individuals when there will be repayment (or at least the promise of repayment) of the altruistic act in the future
Altruism
occurs when an individual reduces his or her own direct fitness and increases the fitness of another individual.
eusocial
animals, colony members help raise more members of their own generation.
A courtship display
is a set of display behaviors in which an animal, usually a male, attempts to attract a mate; the mate exercises choice, so sexual selection acts on the display.
