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Bio exam 3 > chapter 43 > Flashcards

chapter 43 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a behavior?

A

Any action by an organism, genrally a response to an stimulus, (a pieace of information gathered about the enviroment.

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2
Q

What is behavior a part of?

A

phenotype

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3
Q

Proximate

A

short term process acting within an individual’s lifetime affecting the behavior.

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4
Q

Ultimate

A

Long term evolutionary processes affecting the behavior.

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5
Q

Origin of a behavior

A

Developmental and Evolutionary

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6
Q

Developmental Behavior

A

How is the behavior acquired over an individuals lifetime?

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7
Q

Evolutionary Behavior

A

Where and how did the behavior arise in the past?

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8
Q

Implementation of a Behavior

A

Mechanistic and Adaptive

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9
Q

Mechanistic

A

How is the behavior caused through neural, muscular, and other processes?

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10
Q

Adaptive

A

How does the behavior enhance the survival and/or reproduction of individuals?

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11
Q

What are the 4 Niko Tinbergen’s question about any behaviors

A

Causation, development? , adaptive function’s? , evolutionary history?

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12
Q

Causation?

A

What causes the behavior to be performed example Responding to day length shift, air is passed through the syrinx, another male is singing nearby.

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13
Q

Development

A

Varies across bird species listen to father sing, hearing other, innate

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14
Q

Adaptive functions

A

Territory, mate, offspring , etc

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15
Q

Evolutionary history

A

Species specific songs are selected for through natural selection.

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16
Q

Did dinosaurs sang

A

yes!!!

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17
Q

How is the animal behavior shaped?

A

Animal behavior is shaped in part by genes acting through the nervous and endocrine systems.

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18
Q

What is learning a behavior of?

A

Learning is a change of behavior as a result of experience

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19
Q

Where does behavior comes from?

A

Behavior is influenced by both genetic (innate) and environmental(learned) factors

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20
Q

What did behavior evolved by?

A

Behavior evolves by natural selection just like another traits

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21
Q

What does behavioral traits vary on?

A

Populations

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22
Q

What basis does behavioral traits have in populations?

A

genetic basis

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23
Q

What do individuals with more advantageous behavior reproduce?

A

more offspring

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

What do advantageous behaviors do?

A

Increase

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26
Q
A
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27
Q

A common way to interpret a behavior?

A

Why does it increase survival and reproductive success? (ultimate causation!!!)

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28
Q

Courtship displays?

A

species- specific, highly repeatable similar among individuals of the species- WHy??

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29
Q

what is a fixed action pattern in Geese

A

Normal egg retrieval by a goose is an example of fixed action pattern, a stereotyped behavior in response to a stimulus

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30
Q

When does the behavior still persists?

A

Even if the egg is tied with a sting preventing it from being brought to the nest and a soccer ball elicits an even stronger response.

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31
Q

What is a fixed pattern?

A

A sequence of unlearned behaviors that is essentially unchangeable and invariant which is known as Innate behavior. Generally a behavior that is so important that all genetic variation has been lost.

31
Q

Tinbergen’s experiment

A

Stimulus- Attack

32
Q

What else triggers behaviors

A

Detection of features of a signal.
1. Sound patterns
2. Hormones and their derivatives.
3. Patterns of behavior of potential mates
4. Visual signal such as open mouth of chicks begging for food

33
Q

Feature Detections.

A
  1. The nervous system must process stimuli in order for a response to be carried out.
  2. Stimulus recognition is often carried out by specialized sensory receptors that respond to important signals in the environment.
34
Q

What did humans do to certain animal behaviors?

A

Humans artificially select for certain behaviors and we train behaviors into a domestic animal as well. Here we see a pointer doing its job, a behavior that has been bred into the dog breed.

35
Q

Who is famous for developing the idea of OPERANT AND CLASSICAL conditioning

A

Povlov

36
Q

Mating Behavior in Voles- ADH receptor

A

Prairie voles are monogamous ( 1 partner) , montane voles are Promiscuous ( many)
Researchers examined ADH receptors in the brain and discovered they are different in each species of vole.

37
Q

Non associative learning?

A

that occurs in the absence of any particular outcome, such as a reward or punishment.

38
Q

What is habituation?

A

The reduction or elimination of a behavioral response to a repeatedly presented stimulus.

39
Q

What is human learning based on?

A

Much learning, including humans learning is based on imitation, one individual copies another

40
Q

What does the capacity to learn in many instances seems?

A

Innate

41
Q

Sensitization

A

another form of non- associative learning, is the enhancement of a response to a stimulus that is achieved by presenting a strong or novel stimulus first. This pre-stimulus makes the animal more alert and responsive to the next stimulus.

42
Q

Associative learning

A

also called conditioning occurs when an animal learns to link ( or associate) two events.

43
Q

Imprinting

A

A combo of learning and genes, based on the timing of learning- Ex. conrad Lorenz’s geese, and the Sandhill and Whooping Cranes ( Filial Imprinting)

44
Q

What is require information processing?

A
45
Q

What are often used together?

A

Orientation, navigation, and biological clocks are often used together.

46
Q

Moving

A

in response to stimuli seen in even the simplest of organisms

47
Q

Kinesis( plural “kineses”)

A

random, undirected movement

48
Q

Taxis(plural Taxes)

A

Specific directional movement

49
Q

Navigating

A

often involves a boatload of cues
1. Sun orientation
2. Landmarks
3. GPS in the brain
4. Olfactory signals

50
Q

keeping time

A
  • circadian clock
  • lunar clock
  • Annual clock
51
Q

Migration

A

the long distance movement of a population associated with the change of seasons/ resources

52
Q

What do communication involves?

A

Interaction between a sender and a receiver

53
Q

What is communication

A
  • any process in which a signal from one individual modifies the behavior of another individual.
  • For communication to be completed, the signal must be
    1. sent
    2. Received and
    3. acted upon
54
Q

Dishonest communication

A

Generally only works when it is relatively rare. example ( Female Photuris fireflies flash the courtship signal of another species, then eat males that respond.

55
Q

what is shaped by natural selection?

A

Social behaviors

56
Q

Most behaviors can be interpreted as?

A

Benefiting the organism ( increasing fitness, and reproductive success.

57
Q

Altruistic behaviors

A

decrease the fitness of the organism exhibiting the behavior and increase the fitness of the recipient.

58
Q

Altruism

A
  • How could such behaviors evolve?
  • IF an allele makes an individual more likely to sacrifice itself to help someone else, it should be eliminated from a population.
    Self sacrificing
59
Q

Example of Altruism

A

Prairie dogs give alarm calls when they see a predator. This helps group, but increases the danger to the alarm caller.

60
Q

Reciprocal Altruism

A

Usually between related individuals or friends other with whom you are familiar and spend time with.

61
Q

Kin Selection

A

Is natural selection that favors altruistic behaviors directed at close relatives

62
Q

Why does kin selection favors altruistic behaviors?

A

Because close relatives share many alleles, reproductive success of a close relative is almost as good as one’s own reproductive success.

63
Q

What are the 2 ways to leave DNA behind in next generation

A
  1. by having offspring
  2. by helping close relative have offspring
64
Q

hamilton’s rule

A

Elephant family groups why help others
Lions prides why share resources

65
Q

Relatedness in social insects

A

Haplodiploidy

66
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A method that uses reward and punishment for learning

67
Q

altruism

A

that occurs between unrelated individuals when there will be repayment (or at least the promise of repayment) of the altruistic act in the future

68
Q

Altruism

A

occurs when an individual reduces his or her own direct fitness and increases the fitness of another individual.

69
Q

eusocial

A

animals, colony members help raise more members of their own generation.

70
Q

A courtship display

A

is a set of display behaviors in which an animal, usually a male, attempts to attract a mate; the mate exercises choice, so sexual selection acts on the display.

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71
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Bio exam 3 (7 decks)

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