Chapter 45

Question 1

Types of animal skeleton

Answer 1

Exoskeleton
endoskeleton
hydroskeleton

Question 2

A skeleton is

Answer 2

a structure that functions in support, protection, and locomotion

Question 3

Locomotion

Answer 3

ability to move from place to place

Question 4

Exoskeleton

Answer 4

External skeleton that surrounds and protects body surface

Question 5

Arthropod exoskeleton

Answer 5

Made of chitin
Tough and durable
Segmented for movement
Growth requires molting

Question 6

Endoskeleton

Answer 6

internal structures
Minerals provide firmness.

Question 7

Endo skeleton is found in

Answer 7

Sponges
echinoderms
vertebrates

Question 8

Sponge and echinoderm skeletons composed of

Answer 8

spiky networks of proteins and minerals or mineralized platelike structures

Question 9

Vertebrate skeletons composed of

Answer 9

cartilage (cartilaginous fishes) or of cartilage and bone

Question 10

Bone

Answer 10

Living, dynamic tissue

Question 11

Organic components in bone

Answer 11

Osteoblasts and osteocytes – cells that form bone

Question 12

Osteoblasts and osteocytes

Answer 12

cells that form bone

Question 13

• Osteoblasts & osteocytes secrete collagen – triple helical structure provides

Answer 13

strength and flexibility

Question 14

Osteoclasts

Answer 14

break down bone
(Bone is continuously formed, broken down, and reformed)

Question 15

Two parts to the vertebrate skeleton

Answer 15

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

Question 16

Axial skeleton

Answer 16

Main longitudinal axis

Question 17

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 17

limb bones and girdles

Question 18

Joint formed when

Answer 18

two or more bones join together

Question 19

3 types of joints allow movement

Answer 19

pivot joint
ball-and-socket joint
hinge joint

Question 20

Fused joints

Answer 20

allow no movements

Question 21

Blood cells and platelets are formed in

Answer 21

marrow

Question 22

Vertebrates have three types of muscle:

Answer 22

Cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle

Question 23

Cardiac muscle

Answer 23

found only in the heart

Question 24

Smooth muscle

Answer 24

surrounds and forms part of the lining of hollow organs and tubes

Question 25

Skeletal muscle

Answer 25

Directly involved in locomotion
A grouping of cells (muscle fibers) bound together in
bundles (fascicles) by connective tissue

Question 26

Collagen fibers that link skeletal muscle to bones are called

Answer 26

tendons

Question 27

Types of skeletal muscles

Answer 27

Flexors
extensors

Question 28

Flexors

Answer 28

Bend a limb

Question 29

Extensors

Answer 29

Straighten a limb

Question 30

Muscle fibers

Answer 30

Skeletal muscle fibers arise from cells that fuse to form a single cell with multiple nuclei.
Myofibrils
Thick filament
Thin filament

Question 31

Thick filament is made of

Answer 31

myosin

Question 32

Thin filament is made of

Answer 32

actin and other proteins

Question 33

Myofibrils

Answer 33

cylindrical bundles in muscle fibers

Question 34

Slow fibers

Answer 34

have myosin with low ATPase activity

Question 35

Fast fibers

Answer 35

have myosin with high ATPase activity

Question 36

Major fiber types

Answer 36

Slow oxidative fibers
Fast oxidative fibers
Fast glycolytic fibers

Question 37

Atrophy

Answer 37

reduction in the size of a muscle
(Occurs as a result of decline or cessation of muscular activity)

Question 38

Denervation atrophy

Answer 38

neurons to a skeletal muscle are destroyed or neuromuscular junctions become nonfunctional

Question 39

Constraints to locomotion

Answer 39

Must overcome drag
energy required for thrust or lift

Question 40

Most energetically costly means of locomotion

Answer 40

Locomotion on land

Question 41

Advantages of locomotion on air

Answer 41

escape
scan large areas
Inhabit inaccessible areas

Question 42

Locomotion in air mechanics

Answer 42

require overcoming gravity and air resistance