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bio 2 > Chapter 33 > Flashcards

Chapter 33 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of animals

A

multicellular heterotrophs
unique cell structure

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2
Q

Animal cell structure:

A

No cell wall (has cell membrane)
Extracellular matrix (structural support)
Cell junction (holds cell in place)

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3
Q

Modes of nutrition

A

Suspension feeding
Bulk feeding
Fluid feeding

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4
Q

True or false:
Muscle tissue is unique to animals

A

True

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5
Q

Sessile species such as barnacles have..

A

moving appendages or a swimming larval stage

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6
Q

Metamorphosis

A

Developmental phenomenon in which animal changes from Ta juvenile to an adult form

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7
Q

The first animals were

A

Invertebrates

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8
Q

A sudden increase in animal diversity occurred during

A

the Cambrian explosion (533 - 525 million years ago)

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9
Q

3 possible explanations for the Cambrian explosion

A

Favorable environment
Development of the Hox gene
An evolutionary “arms race”

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10
Q

The first vertebrates

A

Fish (arose approximately 520 million years ago)

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11
Q

True or False
Animal kingdom is Monophyletic

A

True

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12
Q

How many recognized animal phyla?

A

35

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13
Q

What is the closest living relative of animals?

A

Choanoflagellates

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14
Q

Choanoflagellates:

A

Single celled protists
(they bear a striking similarity to sponge choanocytes)

Some are colonial.
Some cells may have taken on spacialized functions.

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15
Q

Morphological and developmental features traditionally used to classify animals

A

Body symmetry
number of germ layers
embryonic development

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16
Q

Metazoa

A

all animals
(multicellular animals)

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17
Q

Protozoa

A

unicellular

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18
Q

How is metazoa divided?

A

Divided based on whether they have specialized tissues.
Parazoa
Eumetazoa

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19
Q

Parazoa

A

without specialized tissue or organs
(ex: Poriferas - Sponges)
may have distinct cell types

20
Q

Eumetazoa

A

more than one type of tissue and organ
(divided by symmetry)

21
Q

Radiata

A

Radially symmetric
2 germ layers
(Examples: Cnadaria and Echinoderms)

22
Q

Cnidarians examples

A

Jelly fish
sea anemones
Corals

23
Q

Echinoderms examples

A

Sea urchins
brittle stars
sea stars

24
Q

Bilteria

A

Bilaterally symmetrical
3 germ layers (triploblastic)
Have cephalization and dorsal and ventral sides.
Have anterior and posterior ends.

25
Q

Cell layers develop during

A

gastrulation

26
Q

Ctenophores

A

Comb jelly

27
Q

Cell inner layer

A

Endoderm

28
Q

Cell outer layer

A

ectoderm

29
Q

Mesoderm

A

3rd layer in bilateral animals
forms muscles and other organs

30
Q

Sponges only have a single germ layer
(true or false)

A

true

31
Q

Protostome

A

Blastopore becomes mouth
Cleavage is determinate (spiral cleavage)
Examples:
Arthropods
mollusks
annelid worms

32
Q

Deuterostome

A

Blastopore becomes anus
Cleavage is indeterminate (radial cleavage)

33
Q

Coelom

A

Fluid filled body cavity

34
Q

Coelomate

A

true coelom
Coelom completely lined with mesoderm
(Mollusks, Annelids, earthworms)

35
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Coelom partially lined with mesoderm (rotifiers and round worms)

36
Q

Acoelomate

A

lacks body cavity
(instead has mesenchyme)
(flatworms)

37
Q

Functions of the coelom

A

Cushions internal organs
Functions as hydrostatic skeleton
Enables movement and growth of internal organs independent of the body wall.
Fluid acts as simple circulatory system

38
Q

Body may be divided into regions called

A

Segements

39
Q

Segemantation occurs in

A

annelid worms
arthropods
chordates

40
Q

molecular techniques to
classify animals

A

Compare similarities in DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences.
(Closely related organisms have fewer differences than
those more distantly related.)

41
Q

the gene for small subunit
ribosomal RNA

A

SSU rRNA

42
Q

the gene for small subunit
ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) is:

A

Universal in all organisms
Changes slowly over time

43
Q

Studies regarding Hox genes show

A

Hox genes are found in all animals.
Duplications in these genes may have led to evolution of complex body forms.

44
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

Nematodes, Arthropods, and a few other minor phyla
- Named for ecdysis (molting)
- Members secrete an exoskeleton that must be shed and regrown as the animal increases in size

45
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

Mollusks, Annelids, and several other phyla
* Named for the lophophore (feeding tentacles) and trochophore larva
* Some members have neither of these features (for example
platyhelminthes), so classified strictly based on molecular data.

bio 2 (4 decks)

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