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functions midterm > chapter 43: the immune system > Flashcards

chapter 43: the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

agents that cause disease, infect a wide range of animals including humans

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2
Q

What is the main function of the immune system?

A

recognizes foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins

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3
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

a defense active immediately upon infections

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4
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

involves specific recognition
acquired immunity develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins and foreign substances

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5
Q

What is the innate immunity in invertebrates?

A
  1. exoskeleton is made of chitin and is first barrier to pathogens
  2. digestive system is protected by chitin-based barrier and lysozyme
  3. hemocytes carry out phagocytosis
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6
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

the ingestion and digestion of foreign substances including bacteria

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7
Q

What are the innate defenses in vertebrates?

A
  1. barrier defesnses
  2. phagocytosis
  3. antimicorbial peptides
  4. natural killer cells
  5. interferons
  6. inflammatory response
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8
Q

What is the mechanism of barrier defenses?

A

includes skin and mucous membranes of respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts

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9
Q

What is the cellular innate defenses mechanism?

A
  • phagocytic cells recognize groups of pathogens by TLRs, Toll-like receptors.
  • TLRs recognize fragments of molecules characteristics of a set of pathogens
  • white blood cells engulf invading pathogens, creating vacuole
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10
Q

What are the four main types of phagocytic cells?

A
  1. neutrophils: engulf and destroy pathogens
  2. macorphages: found throughout body
  3. dendritic cells: stimulate development of adaptive immunity
  4. eosinophils: release destructive enzymes
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11
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells?

A

they circulate through the body and detect abnormal cells. they then release chemicals leading to cell death, inhibiting the spread of virally infected or cancerous cells

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12
Q

What is the role of interferon?

A

provides innate defense, interfering with viruses and helping activate macrophages

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13
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A
  1. is brought about molecules released upon injury or infection
    - mast cells release histamine, triggering blood vessels to dilate and become permeable
  2. macrophages release cytokines, inhancing immune response. blood flows to site helps deliver antimicrobial peptides, accumulating pus.
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14
Q

What is the use of a fever?

A

systematic inflammatory response triggered by substances released by macrophages in response to pathogens

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15
Q

What are the two different types of lymphocytes?

A

1, T cells: lymphocytes mature in thymus
2. B cells: lymphocytes mature in bone marrow

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16
Q

What are antigens?

A

substances that can elicit a response from B cell or T cell

17
Q

How do T and B cells bind antigen?

A

Via antigen receptors
small acessible part of an antigen that binds to antigen receptor called epitope

18
Q

What does antigen recognition by B cells cause

A

gives rise to cells that secrete a soluble form of the receptor called antibody or immunoglobulin

19
Q

How does antigen recognition by T cells work?

A
  1. t cell binds to antigen fragments
  2. antigen fragments are bound to cell-surface proteins called MHC molecules they are host proteins
  3. MHC molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to cell surface (antigen presentation)
20
Q
A
21
Q

what is the mechanism of proliferation for B cells and T cells?

A
  1. once activated B/T undergoes multiple cell divisions (clonal selection) to produce a clone of identical cells
  2. binding of a mature lymphocyte to an antigen initiates events that activate lymphocyte
22
Q

What are the two types of clones produced?

A
  1. short-lived activated effector cells that act immediately.
  2. long lived memory cells that can give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered again
23
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

is responsible for long-term protections against diseases due to a prior infection or vaccination

24
Q

What happens after first exposure to specific antigen?

A
  • primary immune response
    selected B and T cells give rise to their effector forms
  • in secondary response, memory cells facilitate a faster, more efficient response
25
Q

What is the humoral immune response?

A

antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph

26
Q

What is cell-mediated immune response

A

specialized T cells destroy affected host

27
Q

How do helper T cells respond to antigens?

A
  1. class II MHC molecules are the basis upon which antigen-presenting cells are recognized
  2. antigen receptors on surface of helper T cells bind to the antigen and the class II MHC molecule (signals exchange between the two cells)
  3. the helper T cells is activated, proliferates and forms clone of helper t cells
28
Q

How are the B cells activated?

A
  1. in response to cytokines, a B cell proliferates and differentiates into memory B cells and plasma cells
  2. activated B cells give rise to thousands of plasma cells
  3. they produce and secrete antibodies
  4. antigens recognized by B cells contain multiple epitopes
29
Q

What are the different functions of antibodies?

A
  1. they mark pathogens for destruction
  2. neutralization: they bind viral surface proteins preventing infection
  3. opsonization: they bind to antigens on bacteria, triggering phagocytosis
  4. antigen-antibody complex can bind to complement protein, triggering cascade of complement protein activation
30
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells?

A
  • effector cells in the cell-mediated immune response
  • they kill cells infected by viruses or other intracellular pathogens
  • they secrete proteins that disrupt the membranes of target cells and triggers apoptosis
31
Q

What is immunization?

A

use of antigens artificially introduced into the body to generate an adaptive immune response and memory cell formation

32
Q

What is active immunity?

A

develops naturally when a pathogen invades the body and elicits a primary or secondary immune response

33
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

provides immediate, short-term protection

34
Q

What are allergies?

A

exaggerated responses to antigens called allergens

35
Q

What is not part of the insect immunity?

A

activation of natural killer cells

36
Q

An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?

A

variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined

37
Q

Can a lymphocyte have receptors or multiple different antigens?

A

no

38
Q

What does vaccination increase?

A

lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen

39
Q

What does not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response?

A

producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses

functions midterm (12 decks)

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