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functions midterm > chapter 38: angiosperm reproduction > Flashcards

chapter 38: angiosperm reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

How is a plant cycle characterized?

A

Alternation between sporophyte (spore-producing) and gametophyte (gamete-producing)

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2
Q

What does the angiosperm lifecycle entitle?

A
  1. Flowers
  2. Double fertilization
  3. Fruits
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3
Q

What are flowers?

A

They are reproductive shoots of angiosperm attached at receptacle.

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4
Q

What are the four floral organs?

A
  1. carpels
  2. stamens
  3. petals
  4. sepals
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5
Q

What is a pistil?

A

group of fused carpels

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6
Q

What is the anther?

A

Has pollen sacs that produce pollen

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6
Q

What is the difference between a simple pistil and a compound pistil?

A

simple: unfused carpels
compound: fused carpels

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7
Q

What is the difference between complete and incomplete flowers?

A

complete flowers have all four floral organs while incomplete flowers lack 1 or more organ (usually stamen or carpel)

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8
Q

What are a cluster of flowers called?

A

Inflorescence

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9
Q

What is pollination?

A

transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma.
When landed, pollen grain produces pollen tube, grows down to ovary and discharges two sperm cells.

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10
Q

What are the main methods of pollination?

A
  1. Animals (bees- 65% of all flowering plants are pollinated by insects)
  2. Wind (abiotic pollination (20% of angiosperms)
  3. Water
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11
Q

What is coevolution?

A

Joint evolution of interacting species in response to selection imposed by each other.

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12
Q

What is the male gametophytes mechanism?

A
  1. pollen develops from microspore in microsporangia (pollen sac)
  2. microspore undergoes mitosis, producing
    i. generative cell
    ii. tube cell
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13
Q

What is the female gametophytes mechanism?

A
  1. embryo sac develops within ovule
  2. In an ovule, 2 integuments surrond a megasporangium
  3. One cell undergoes meiosis, producing 4 megaspores, where only 1 survives
  4. Megaspore divides without cytokinesis, producing 1 large cell with 8 nuclei
  5. This cell is partitioned into embryo sac
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14
Q

What does a pollen grain consist of?

A

two-celled male gametophytes and spore wall

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15
Q

What is fertilization

A

fusion of gametes occurs after the two sperm reach female gametophyte

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16
Q

What is an endosperm?

A

One sperm fertilizes the egg and the other combines with the two polar nuclei

17
Q

Why is double fertilization crutial?

A

Ensures endosperm only develops in ovules containing fertilized eggs

18
Q

What happens after double fertilization?

A

each ovule develops into a seed

19
Q

What does the ovary develop into?

A

A fruit, enclosing the seeds

20
Q

What happens when seed germinates?

A

Embryo develops into a new sporophyte

21
Q

How does endosperm development happen?

A

It precedes embryo development, stores nutrients used by seedling.

22
Q

What happens during embryo development?

A

the first miotic division of zygote splits fertilized egg into
1. basal cell: that produces multicellular suspensor (anchors embryo to parent plant)

  1. terminal cell: gives rise to most of embryo
23
Q

What is the structure of a mature seed?

A

embryo and food supply enclosed by hard protective seed coat, with cotyledon inside

24
Q

What is a cotyledon?

A

seed leaf that retains food in their endosperm and absorb nutrients from endosperm to transfer during germination.
monocots: have 1 cotyledon
eudicots: have 2 cotyledons

25
Q

What is the embryonic axis called?

A

hypocotyl and it terminates in the radicle.

26
Q

What is a scutellum?

A

special cotyledon in grasses (maize and wheat)

27
Q

Why is seed dormancy important?

A

It increases the chances germination occurs at a time/place most advantageous to seedling.

28
Q

What breaks seed dormancy?

A

Environmental cues, like temperature changes and lighting changes

29
Q

What does germination depend on?

A

Inhibition, which is the uptake of water due to low water potential of a dry seed.

30
Q

What is the seeding development of the eudicot seed germination?

A
  1. the hook forms in hypocotyl the growth then pushes hook above ground.
  2. light causes hook to straighten, pulling cotyledons and shoot tip up.
31
Q

What is the seeding development of the monocot seed germination?

A
  1. coleoptile pushes through soil, creating tunnel for shoot tip.
32
Q

What is the development of flowering?

A
  1. germinated seed starts to photosynthesize
  2. resources are devoted to stem, leaves and roots
  3. flowers are synchronized to appear to promote outbreeding by environmental cues and internal signals.
33
Q

What is a fruit?

A

mature ovary of a flower
It protects enclosed seeds and helps seed dispersal

34
Q

What are the 4 different types of fruits?

A
  1. Simple fruits: develop from single/several fused carpels
    ex: pea flower and pea fruit
  2. Aggregate fruits: result from single flower with multiple separate carpels
    ex: raspberry flower and fruit
  3. Multiple fruits: develop from a group of flowers called an inflorescence
    ex: pineapple inflorescence and fruit
  4. Accessory fruits: contains other floral parts in addition to ovaries
    ex: apple flower and fruit
35
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A
  1. sexual reproduction: offspring that are genetically different from parents
  2. asexual reproduction: results in clone of genetically identical organisms.
36
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

The seperation of parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants

37
Q

What is apomixis?

A

asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell (without fertilization)

38
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Advantages:
1. vegetative reproduction: progeny arises from mature vegetative fragments.
2. stable environment, gives a beneficial and successful asexual reproduction.

Disadvantages:
1. environmental change causes vulnerability of a clone of plants to local extinction.

39
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Advantages:
1. generates genetic variation making evolutionary adaptation possible
2. some flowers self-fertilize; ensuring every ovule will develop into a seed
3. mechanisms evolved to prevent selfing

Disadvantages:
1. only fraction of seedlings survive

40
Q

What are the mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization?

A
  1. Dioecious species have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants.
  2. Some arrange so that stamen and carpels mature at different times
  3. Self-incompatibility: plants ability to reject its own pollen. (recognition of self blocks pollen tube growth.

functions midterm (12 decks)

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