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functions midterm > chapter 40: basic principles of animal form and function > Flashcards

chapter 40: basic principles of animal form and function Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology?

A

study of biological functions an organism performs

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of direct exchange between cells and their environment?

A

rate of change is proportional to a cells surface area
amount of exchange material is proportional to cells volume.

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3
Q

What is interstitial fluid and where is it found?

A

found in vertebrates, its the space between cells that allows the movement in and out of cells.

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4
Q

What are the four categories that tissues are classified into?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
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5
Q

What is the purpose of epithelial tissue and what is its shape?

A
  • covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within body.
  • it can be shaped cuboidal, columnar or squamous
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6
Q

What is the purpose of connective tissues?

A

binds and supports other tissues, it has packed cells scattered throughout matrix.

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7
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?

A
  1. collagenous fibers: strength and flexibility
  2. elastic fibers: stretch and snap back to original length
  3. resticular fibers: join connective tissues to adjacent tissues
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8
Q

What are two main cells seen in connective tissues?

A
  1. fibroblasts: secretes protein of extracelullar fibers
  2. macrophages: involved in the immune system
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9
Q

What are the six major types of connective tissues?

A
  1. loose connective tissue
  2. fibrous connective tissue
  3. bone
  4. adipose tissue
  5. cartilage
  6. blood
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10
Q

What is muscle cells consists of what?

A

consists of filaments of the proteins actin and myosin which together enable muscle to contract in response to nerve signals

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11
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. smooth muscle
  3. cardiac muscle /
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12
Q

What do nervous tissue contain?

A
  1. neurons, nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses
  2. glial cells or glia that help nourish, insulate and replenish neurons
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13
Q

What does control and contribution within a body depend on?

A

endocrine system and nervous system

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14
Q

What is the endocrine responsible for?

A
  • transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout body via blood.
  • a hormone can affect one or more regions throughout the body
  • hormones relatively slow acting however can have long-lasting effects
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15
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for?

A
  • it transmits information between specific locations
  • information conveyed depends on a signal pathway not the type of signal
  • nerve signal transmission is very fast
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16
Q

What are regulators?

A

use internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation

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17
Q

What are conformers?

A

allow their internal condition to vary with certin external changes

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of homeostasis?

A

for a given variable, fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a stimulus, these are detected by a sensor and trigger a response.

19
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

returns a variable to a normal range

20
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals

21
Q

What is acclimation?

A

adjustment to a single environmental factor

22
Q

What is acclimatization?

A

adjustment to multiple factors.

23
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

24
Q

What are the characteristics of endothermic animals?

A
  • they generate heat by metabolism (birds and mammals)
  • they can maintain a stable body temperature even in the face of large fluctuations in environmental temperature
25
Q

What are the characteristics of ectothermic animals?

A
  • they gain heat from external sources (invertebrates, fish, amphibians)
  • it is more energetically expensive than ectothermy.
26
Q

What are the four physical processes used by organisms to exchange heat?

A
  1. radiation
  2. evaporation
  3. convection
  4. conduction
27
Q

What does heat regulation in mammals involve?

A

the integumentary system (skin, hair, nails)

28
Q

What are five adaptations that help animals thermoregulate?

A
  1. insulation
  2. circulatory adaptations
  3. cooling by evaporative heat loss
  4. behavioural responses
  5. adjusting metabolic heat production
29
Q

What is circulatory adaptations?

A
  • regulation of blood flow near the body surface significantly affects thermoregulation
  • can alter amount of blood flowing between the body core and skin
  • countercurrent exchange: transfer heat between fluids in opposite directions and thereby produces heat loss.
30
Q

What is the mechanism of cooling by evaporative heat loss?

A
  • sweating and bathing helps moisten the skin, helping to cool animals down, panting increases cooling effect
31
Q

What is the mechanism for behavioural responses?

A
  • some terrestrial invertebrates have postures that minimize or maximize absorption of solar heat
32
Q

What is the mechanism for adjusting metabolic heat production?

A
  • thermogenesis
  • production of brown fat (BAT) and thermogenin
33
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A
  • the adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature
  • it is increased by muscle activity sich as moving and shivering
34
Q

What does hypothalamus do?

A

region in the brain that controls thermoregulation

35
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A
  • overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
  • determines how much food an animal needs, relates to an animals size, activity and environment
36
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

harness light to build energy-rich molecules

37
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

harvest chemical energy from food

38
Q

What is the mechanism of energy allocation?

A
  • energy containing molecules from food are usually used to make ATP, which powers cellular work
  • remaining food molecules can be used in biosynthesis
39
Q

What does biosynthesis include?

A

body growth, repair, synthesis of storage material like fat, production of gametes

40
Q

What is the metabolic rate and how can it be determined?

A
  • it is the amount of energy an animal used in a unit of time
  • it is determined by an animal heat loss, amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced nd measuring energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste products
41
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

it is the metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a comfortable temperature

42
Q

What is standard metabolic rate?

A

it is the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature

43
Q

What is torpor?

A
  • a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decrease
  • it enables to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions
44
Q

What is hibernation?

A

is long-term torpor that is an adaption to winter cold and food scarcity

functions midterm (12 decks)

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