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Gen Bio 2: Exam 4 > Chapter 43 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 43 Key Terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

agents that cause disease such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or others

A

pathogens

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2
Q

system that enables animals to avoid or limit many infections

A

immune system

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3
Q

two types of molecular recognition

A

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

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4
Q

a defense active immediately upon infection

A

innate immunity

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5
Q

a response activated after the innate response and develops more slowly

A

adaptive immunity

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6
Q

what kind of immunity are barrier defenses?

A

innate

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7
Q

enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls (defense of invertebrates)

A

lysozyme

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8
Q

major immune cells of insects

A

hemocytes

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9
Q

process of cells breaking down microorganisms

A

phagocytosis

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10
Q

transmembrane receptor activated by binding of recognition proteins to fungal cell wall molecules (invertebrates)

A

Toll

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11
Q

activate production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides that kill fungal cells (invertebrates)

A

Toll

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12
Q

innate defenses of vertebrates similar to invertebrates

A

barrier defenses, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial peptides

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13
Q

innate defenses unique to vertebrates

A

natural killer cells, interferons, inflammatory response

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14
Q

barrier defenses include:

A

skin and mucous membranes

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15
Q

how does the skin and digestive system defend against the growth of bacteria

A

low pH of skin

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16
Q

innate immune cells in mammals detect, devour, and destroy invading pathogens using ___________ to recognize groups of pathogens

A

TLRs (toll like receptors)

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17
Q

recognize fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens

A

toll like receptors (TLR)

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18
Q

two MAIN kinds of phagocytic cells

A

neutrophils and macrophages

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19
Q

engulf and destroy pathogens

A

phagocytic cells

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20
Q

phagocytic cells that circulate in the blood

A

neutrophils

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21
Q

phagocytic cells that migrate through the body or reside permanently in organs and tissues

A

macrophages

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22
Q

two ADDITIONAL types of phagocytic cells

A

dendritic cells and eosinophils

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23
Q

phagocytic cells that stimulate development of adaptive immunity

A

dendritic cells

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24
Q

phagocytic cells that discharge destructive enzymes against parasites

A

eosinophils

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25
Q

type of innate defense; these circulate the body and detect abnormal cells; release chemicals leading to cell death, inhibiting the spread of virally infected or cancerous cells

A

natural killer cells

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26
Q

immune cells found in connective tissue; discharge cytokines (part of inflammatory response)

A

mast cells

27
Q

signaling molecules that recruit neutrophils to an inflamed site

A

cytokines

28
Q

chemical that triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

A

histamine

29
Q

__________migrate to lymph nodes after interacting with pathogens to stimulate adaptive immunity

A

dendritic cells

30
Q

proteins that provide innate defense by inhibiting the replication of viruses

A

interferons

31
Q

system that consists of about 30 proteins in blood plasma; activated by substances on the surface of many pathogens; resulting cascade of reactions lead to lysis of invading cells

A

complement system

32
Q

adaptive response relies on 2 types of lymphocytes:

A

T cells and B cells

33
Q

lymphocytes that mature in the thymus

A

t cells

34
Q

lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow

A

b cells

35
Q

lymphocytes are?

A

a type of white blood cell

36
Q

substances that can elicit a response from b or t cells

A

antigens

37
Q

t or b cells bind to antigens via ____________ specific to part of one molecule of that pathogen

A

antigen receptors

38
Q

small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

A

epitope

39
Q

soluble form of the receptor

A

antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig)

40
Q

__________bind only to antigen fragments displayed or presented on a host cell

A

T cells

41
Q

cell surface proteins that antigen fragments are bound to, the antigen fragment bound to T cells

A

Major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC)

42
Q

a process in which MHC molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to the cell surface

A

antigen presentation

43
Q

the ________ immune system has 4 major characteristics:
- immense diversity of lymphocytes and receptors
- self tolerance: lack of reactivity against an animal’s own molecules and cells
- B and T cells proliferate after activation
- immunological memory

A

adaptive

44
Q

light chain (in b and t cells) is encoded by 3 segments:

A

V (variable), J (joining), and (c) constant

45
Q

enzyme that acts randomly to connect different V and J segments in each B cell

A

recombinase

46
Q

multiple cell divisions that a B or T cell undergoes to produce a clone of identical cells

A

clonal selection

47
Q

cells from the clone that act immediately against the antigen; plasma cells that secrete antibodies

A

effector cells

48
Q

remaining cells in the clone; long lived and can give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered again

A

memory cells

49
Q

responsible for long term protection against diseases

A

immunological memory

50
Q

first exposure to a specific antigen represents the

A

primary immune response

51
Q

when memory cells facilitate a faster, greater and more prolonged response from a reservoir of T and B memory cells

A

secondary immune response

52
Q

two kinds of defenses provided by B and T lymphocytes

A

humoral immune response and cell-mediated immune response

53
Q

antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph

A

humoral immune response

54
Q

specialized T cells destroy infected host cells

A

cell mediated immune response

55
Q

what kind of cell activates both the humoral and cell mediated immune response

A

helper t cell

56
Q

antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria promoting phagocytosis (marking them)

A

opsonization

57
Q

cells that use toxic proteins to kill cells infected by viruses or other intracellular pathogens

A

cytoxic t cells (killer t cells)

58
Q

protection provided by a second immune response provides the basis for immunization

A

immunization

59
Q

develops naturally when a pathogen invades the body and elicits a primary or secondary immune response

A

active immunity

60
Q

provides immediate, short term protection

A

passive immunity

61
Q

life threatening reaction to allergen

A

anaphylactic shock

62
Q

the immune system loses tolerance for self and turns against certain molecules of the body

A

autoimmune diseases

63
Q

some pathogens can change epitope expression and prevent recognition by the host

A

antigenic variation

64
Q

inactive state of virus

A

latency

Gen Bio 2: Exam 4 (6 decks)

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