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Gen Bio 2: Exam 4 > Chapter 42 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

the process by which small molecules move between cells and their surroundings

A

diffusion

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2
Q

present in animals that lack a circulatory system; function in both digestion and distribution of substances throughout body; the body wall that encloses _________ is only two cells thick

A

gastrovascular cavities

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3
Q

a circulatory system has

A

circulatory fluid, set of interconnecting vessels, muscular pump (heart)

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4
Q

circulatory fluid in insects, arthropods, and some molluscs

A

hemolymph

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5
Q

______circulatory system: circulatory fluid bathes organs directly

A

open

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6
Q

_____ circulatory system: blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid

A

closed

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7
Q

annelids, cephalopods and vertebrates have _________ circulatory systems

A

closed

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8
Q

humans and other vertebrates have a closed circulatory system called the___________system

A

cardiovascular

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9
Q

3 main types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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10
Q

how many directions does blood flow in these vessels

A

one way

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11
Q

which vessels carry blood away from the heart to capillaries?

A

arteries

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12
Q

arteries branch into _________

A

arterioles

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13
Q

networks of capillaries are called______

A

capillary beds

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14
Q

sites of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

A

capillary beds

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15
Q

______________ converge into veins and return blood from capillaries to the heart

A

venules

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16
Q

one of the 3 types of vessels that returns blood to the heart from the capillaries

A

veins

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17
Q

how many chambers do vertebrate hearts have?

A

2 or more

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18
Q

blood enters the heart through the ? and is pumped out through

A

atria, ventricles

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19
Q

sharks, rays, and bony fishes have this kind of circulation

A

single circulation

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20
Q

blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

A

single circulation

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21
Q

amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have this kind of circulation

A

double circulation

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22
Q

oxygen poor blood is pumped from the right side of the heart in one circuit; oxygen rich blood is pumped from left side of the heard in a separate circuit

A

double circulation

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23
Q

how many chambers do frogs/amphibians have in their heart?

A

3: two atria and one ventricle

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24
Q

how many chambers do mammals and birds have?

A

4: two atria and two ventricles

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25
Q

(in mammals) the _____ have relatively thin walls and serve as collection chambers for the blood returning to the heart

A

atria

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26
Q

(in mammals) the _____ have thicker walls and contract much more forcefully

A

ventricles

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27
Q

the relaxation or filling phase

A

diastole

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27
Q

the contraction/pumping phase

A

systole

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27
Q

the rhythmic cycle in which the heart contracts and relaxes

A

the cardiac cycle

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27
Q

the volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute and depends on both the heart rate and stroke volume

A

cardiac output

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27
Q

number of beats per minute

A

heart rate

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28
Q

amount of blood pumped in a single contraction

A

stroke volume

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29
Q

what prevents the backflow of blood into the heart?

A

4 valves

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30
Q

valves that separate each atrium and ventricle

A

atrioventricular valves(AV)

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31
Q

valves that control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery

A

semilunar valves

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32
Q

backflow of blood through a defective valve causes a

A

heart murmur

33
Q

sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract

A

sinoatrial SA node/ pacemaker

34
Q

impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle can be recorded as an

A

electrocardiogram (EKG)

35
Q

what two portions of the nervous system is a pacemaker regulated by?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

36
Q

the __________ division speeds up the pacemaker

A

sympathetic

37
Q

the________ division slows down the pacemaker

A

parasympathetic

38
Q

all blood vessels contain a central lumen lined with a epithelial layer that lines the blood vessels; smooth and minimizes resistance

A

endothelium

39
Q

blood flows from areas of ______ to areas of _________

A

higher pressure, lower pressure

40
Q

______________is the pressure in the arteries during a ventricular systole; it is the highest pressure in the arteries

A

systolic pressure

41
Q

rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat

A

pulse

42
Q

_____________is the pressure in the arteries during diastole (when the ventricles are relaxed) it is lower than systolic pressure

A

diastolic pressure

43
Q

the narrowing of arteriole walls; increases blood pressure

A

vasoconstriction

44
Q

the increase in diameter of the arterioles; causes blood pressure to fall

A

vasodilation

45
Q

inducer of vasodilation

A

nitric oxide

46
Q

inducer of vasoconstriction

A

the peptide endothelin

47
Q

blood only flows through _________% of the body’s capillaries at any given time

A

5-10

48
Q

capillaries in ___________ are usually filled to capacity

A

major organs

49
Q

two mechanisms that regulate distribution of blood in capillary beds-

A
  • constriction or dilation of arterioles that supply capillary beds
  • precapillary sphincters that control flow of blood between arterioles and venules
50
Q

regulated by nerve impulses, hormones, and other chemicals

A

blood flow

51
Q

system that returns fluid that leaks our from the capillary beds

A

lymphatic system

52
Q

fluid lost by capillaries is called

A

lymph

53
Q

organs that filter lymph and play an important role in body’s defense

A

lymph nodes

54
Q

liquid matrix in which several kinds of cells are suspended in to create the connective tissue known as blood

A

plasma

55
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

56
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

57
Q

which type of cell transports oxygen

A

red blood cells

58
Q

which type of cell functions in defense

A

white blood cells

59
Q

fragments of cells involved in clotting

A

platelets

60
Q

what protein do red blood ells contain

A

hemoglobin

61
Q

iron containing protein that transports o2

A

hemoglobin

62
Q

each molecule of hemoglobin binds up to ? molecules of o2

A

4

63
Q

hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production when o2 delivery is low

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

64
Q

blood clot formed within a blood vessel

A

thrombus

65
Q

cardiovascular disease: hardening of arteries, caused by the buildup of fatty deposits within arteries

A

atherosclerosis

66
Q

damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one of more coronary arteries

A

heart attack, myocardial infarction

67
Q

death of nervous tissue in brain; usually results from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head

A

stroke

68
Q

lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production

A

low density lipoprotein

69
Q

lipoprotein that scavenges excess cholesterol for return to the liver

A

high density lipoprotein

70
Q

uptake of o2 from the environment and discharge of co2 to the environment

A

gas exchange

71
Q

pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

A

partial pressure

72
Q

infolding of the body’s surface; used for gas exchange

A

lungs

73
Q

air sacs at the tips of bronchioles

A

alveoli

74
Q

secretions that coat the surface of alveoli

A

surfactants

75
Q

the process that ventilates the lungs; the alternate inhalation and exhalation is called

A

breathing

76
Q

how amphibians breath; forces air down trachea

A

positive pressure breathing

77
Q

how mammals breath; pulling air into lungs

A

negative pressure breathing

78
Q

the volume of air inhaled with each breath

A

tidal volume

79
Q

maximum tidal volume

A

vital capacity

80
Q

air that remains in the luns

A

residual volume

81
Q

where are the breathing control centers located

A

the medulla oblongata

82
Q

proteins that transport oxygen; greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

A

respiratory pigments (i.e hemoglobin, hemocyanin)

83
Q

CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for o2

A

bohr shift

84
Q

how do diving mammals conserve oxygen

A

changing their buoyancy to glide passively, routing blood to vital tissues, derving atp in muscles from fermentation once oxygen is depleted

85
Q

diving mammals can store oxygen in their muscles in __________ proteins

A

myoglobins

Gen Bio 2: Exam 4 (6 decks)

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