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Gen Bio 2: Exam 4 > Chapter 42 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

the process by which small molecules move between cells and their surroundings

A

diffusion

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2
Q

present in animals that lack a circulatory system; function in both digestion and distribution of substances throughout body; the body wall that encloses _________ is only two cells thick

A

gastrovascular cavities

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3
Q

a circulatory system has

A

circulatory fluid, set of interconnecting vessels, muscular pump (heart)

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4
Q

circulatory fluid in insects, arthropods, and some molluscs

A

hemolymph

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5
Q

______circulatory system: circulatory fluid bathes organs directly

A

open

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6
Q

_____ circulatory system: blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid

A

closed

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7
Q

annelids, cephalopods and vertebrates have _________ circulatory systems

A

closed

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8
Q

humans and other vertebrates have a closed circulatory system called the___________system

A

cardiovascular

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9
Q

3 main types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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10
Q

how many directions does blood flow in these vessels

A

one way

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11
Q

which vessels carry blood away from the heart to capillaries?

A

arteries

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12
Q

arteries branch into _________

A

arterioles

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13
Q

networks of capillaries are called______

A

capillary beds

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14
Q

sites of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

A

capillary beds

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15
Q

______________ converge into veins and return blood from capillaries to the heart

A

venules

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16
Q

one of the 3 types of vessels that returns blood to the heart from the capillaries

A

veins

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17
Q

how many chambers do vertebrate hearts have?

A

2 or more

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18
Q

blood enters the heart through the ? and is pumped out through

A

atria, ventricles

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19
Q

sharks, rays, and bony fishes have this kind of circulation

A

single circulation

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20
Q

blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

A

single circulation

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21
Q

amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have this kind of circulation

A

double circulation

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22
Q

oxygen poor blood is pumped from the right side of the heart in one circuit; oxygen rich blood is pumped from left side of the heard in a separate circuit

A

double circulation

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23
Q

how many chambers do frogs/amphibians have in their heart?

A

3: two atria and one ventricle

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24
Q

how many chambers do mammals and birds have?

A

4: two atria and two ventricles

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25
(in mammals) the _____ have relatively thin walls and serve as collection chambers for the blood returning to the heart
atria
26
(in mammals) the _____ have thicker walls and contract much more forcefully
ventricles
27
the relaxation or filling phase
diastole
27
the contraction/pumping phase
systole
27
the rhythmic cycle in which the heart contracts and relaxes
the cardiac cycle
27
the volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute and depends on both the heart rate and stroke volume
cardiac output
27
number of beats per minute
heart rate
28
amount of blood pumped in a single contraction
stroke volume
29
what prevents the backflow of blood into the heart?
4 valves
30
valves that separate each atrium and ventricle
atrioventricular valves(AV)
31
valves that control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery
semilunar valves
32
backflow of blood through a defective valve causes a
heart murmur
33
sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract
sinoatrial SA node/ pacemaker
34
impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle can be recorded as an
electrocardiogram (EKG)
35
what two portions of the nervous system is a pacemaker regulated by?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
36
the __________ division speeds up the pacemaker
sympathetic
37
the________ division slows down the pacemaker
parasympathetic
38
all blood vessels contain a central lumen lined with a epithelial layer that lines the blood vessels; smooth and minimizes resistance
endothelium
39
blood flows from areas of ______ to areas of _________
higher pressure, lower pressure
40
______________is the pressure in the arteries during a ventricular systole; it is the highest pressure in the arteries
systolic pressure
41
rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat
pulse
42
_____________is the pressure in the arteries during diastole (when the ventricles are relaxed) it is lower than systolic pressure
diastolic pressure
43
the narrowing of arteriole walls; increases blood pressure
vasoconstriction
44
the increase in diameter of the arterioles; causes blood pressure to fall
vasodilation
45
inducer of vasodilation
nitric oxide
46
inducer of vasoconstriction
the peptide endothelin
47
blood only flows through _________% of the body's capillaries at any given time
5-10
48
capillaries in ___________ are usually filled to capacity
major organs
49
two mechanisms that regulate distribution of blood in capillary beds-
- constriction or dilation of arterioles that supply capillary beds - precapillary sphincters that control flow of blood between arterioles and venules
50
regulated by nerve impulses, hormones, and other chemicals
blood flow
51
system that returns fluid that leaks our from the capillary beds
lymphatic system
52
fluid lost by capillaries is called
lymph
53
organs that filter lymph and play an important role in body's defense
lymph nodes
54
liquid matrix in which several kinds of cells are suspended in to create the connective tissue known as blood
plasma
55
erythrocytes
red blood cells
56
leukocytes
white blood cells
57
which type of cell transports oxygen
red blood cells
58
which type of cell functions in defense
white blood cells
59
fragments of cells involved in clotting
platelets
60
what protein do red blood ells contain
hemoglobin
61
iron containing protein that transports o2
hemoglobin
62
each molecule of hemoglobin binds up to ? molecules of o2
4
63
hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production when o2 delivery is low
erythropoietin (EPO)
64
blood clot formed within a blood vessel
thrombus
65
cardiovascular disease: hardening of arteries, caused by the buildup of fatty deposits within arteries
atherosclerosis
66
damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one of more coronary arteries
heart attack, myocardial infarction
67
death of nervous tissue in brain; usually results from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head
stroke
68
lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production
low density lipoprotein
69
lipoprotein that scavenges excess cholesterol for return to the liver
high density lipoprotein
70
uptake of o2 from the environment and discharge of co2 to the environment
gas exchange
71
pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
partial pressure
72
infolding of the body's surface; used for gas exchange
lungs
73
air sacs at the tips of bronchioles
alveoli
74
secretions that coat the surface of alveoli
surfactants
75
the process that ventilates the lungs; the alternate inhalation and exhalation is called
breathing
76
how amphibians breath; forces air down trachea
positive pressure breathing
77
how mammals breath; pulling air into lungs
negative pressure breathing
78
the volume of air inhaled with each breath
tidal volume
79
maximum tidal volume
vital capacity
80
air that remains in the luns
residual volume
81
where are the breathing control centers located
the medulla oblongata
82
proteins that transport oxygen; greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry
respiratory pigments (i.e hemoglobin, hemocyanin)
83
CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for o2
bohr shift
84
how do diving mammals conserve oxygen
changing their buoyancy to glide passively, routing blood to vital tissues, derving atp in muscles from fermentation once oxygen is depleted
85
diving mammals can store oxygen in their muscles in __________ proteins
myoglobins

Gen Bio 2: Exam 4 (6 decks)

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