Chapter 43

Question 1

2 types of immunity

Answer 1

Innate and Acquired

Question 2

Immune system

Answer 2

recognizes foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins

Question 3

Both invertebrates and vertebrates depend on ______ to ______

Answer 3

Innate immunity

fight infection

Question 4

vertebrates have an additional immune defense known as _____?

Answer 4

acquired immunity

Question 5

Innate Immunty

Answer 5

present before any exposure to pathogens
effective from the time of birth
rapid response

Question 6

innate immunity consists of:

Answer 6

external barriers plus internal cellular and chemical defenses

Question 7

where is innate immunity found in

Answer 7

all classes of plants and animal life

Question 8

acquired immunity

Answer 8

develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, or foreign substances
slow response but very specific

Question 9

Acquired immunity is found in…

Answer 9

vertebrates

Question 10

first barrier of pathogens in insects

Answer 10

exoskeleton made of chitin

Question 11

innate defenses of invertebrates

Answer 11

low pH
antimicrobial peptides
phagocytosis in which an enzyme lysozyme digests microbial cell walls

Question 12

how does the immune system recognize bacteria and fungi?

Answer 12

by structures on their cell walls

Question 13

immune response depends on?

Answer 13

the class of pathogens encountered

Question 14

innate defenses of vertebrates

Answer 14

barrier defenses
low pH
phagocytosis
antimicrobial peptides

Question 15

additional defenses unique to vertebrates

Answer 15

the innate defenses with WBC
Inflammatory response
NK cells

Question 16

barrier defenses of vertebrates

Answer 16

skin

mucous membranes of respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Question 17

mucus

Answer 17

traps and allows for the removal of microbes

Question 18

body fluids hostile to microbes

Answer 18

saliva
mucus
tears

Question 19

the low pH of skin and digestive system prevents what?

Answer 19

growth of microbes

Question 20

white blood cells

Answer 20

(luekocytes)
engulf pathogens in the body
then fuses with a lysozyme to destroy the microbes

Question 21

macrophages

Answer 21

produced by differentiation of monocytes

Question 22

Inflammatory response

Answer 22

following an injury. mast cells release histamine which changes increase local blood supply and allow more phagocytes and antimicrobial proteins to enter tissues

Question 23

histamine

Answer 23

promotes changes in blood vessels

Question 24

what accumulates at the site of inflammation?

Answer 24

fluid rich in white blood cells, dead microbes, and cell debris

Question 25

all cells in the body (except red bloods cells) have....

Answer 25

a class 1 MHC protein on their surface

Question 26

what type of cells no longer express MHC proteins?

Answer 26

cancerous and infected cells

Question 27

what happens to cancerous or infected cells?

Answer 27

natural killer (NK) cells attack them

Question 28

inflamation can be either...

Answer 28

local or systemic (throughout the body)

Question 29

Fever is...

Answer 29

a systemic inflammatory response triggered by pyrogens released by toxins from pathogens

Question 30

how do some pathogens avoid destruction?

Answer 30

by modifying their surface

Question 31

why do pathogens modify their surface?

Answer 31

to prevent recognition or by resisting breakdown following phagocytosis

Question 32

lymphocytes

Answer 32

a type of white blood cell that recognizes and responds to antigens

Question 33

T cells

Answer 33

lymphocytes that mature in the thymus above the heart

Question 34

B cells

Answer 34

lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow

Question 35

lymphocytes contribute to...

Answer 35

immunological memory

Question 36

immunological memory

Answer 36

an enhanced response to a foreign molecules encountered previously

Question 37

each individual lymphocyte is specialized to...

Answer 37

recognize a specific type of molecules

Question 38

2 types of acquired immunity

Answer 38

Humoral immune response | Cell mediated immune response

Question 39

humoral immune response

Answer 39

B cells after recognizing an antigen give rise to plasma cells which secrete antibodies or immunoglobulins

Question 40

Antibodies or immunoglobulins

Answer 40

proteins secreted by plasma cells

Question 41

Cell mediated immune response

Answer 41

T cells bind to antigen fragments and then activate macrophages, natural killer cells and antigen specific cytotoxic T cells

Question 42

3 important properties of the acquired immune system

Answer 42

receptor diversity a lack of reactivity against host cells immunological memory

Question 43

primary immune response

Answer 43

first exposure to a specific antigen

Question 44

during the primary immune response...

Answer 44

effector B cells called plasma cells are generated | T cells are activated to their effector forms

Question 45

secondary immune response

Answer 45

memory cells facilitate a faster, more efficient response

Question 46

active immunity

Answer 46

develops naturally in response to an infection

Question 47

passive immunity

Answer 47

provides immediate, short-term protection

Question 48

Passive immunity is passed along naturally when...

Answer 48

IgG crosses the placenta from mother to fetus or when IgA passes from mother to infant in breast milk

Question 49

when immune system is disrupted

Answer 49

autoimmune disease allergy immunodeficiency

Question 50

autoimmune disease

Answer 50

the immune system loses tolerance for self and turns against certain molecules of the body

Question 51

autoimmune diseases include:

Answer 51

rheumatoid arthritis insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus multiple sclerosis

Question 52

allergies

Answer 52

exaggerated (hypersensitive) responses to antigens called allergens

Question 53

inborn immunodeficiency

Answer 53

results from hereditary or developmental defects that prevent proper functioning of innate, humoral, and/or cell-mediated defenses

Question 54

acquired immunodeficiency

Answer 54

results from exposure to chemical and biological agents