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Biology 102 Final > Chapter 43 > Flashcards

Chapter 43 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 types of immunity

A

Innate and Acquired

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2
Q

Immune system

A

recognizes foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins

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3
Q

Both invertebrates and vertebrates depend on ______ to ______

A

Innate immunity

fight infection

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4
Q

vertebrates have an additional immune defense known as _____?

A

acquired immunity

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5
Q

Innate Immunty

A

present before any exposure to pathogens
effective from the time of birth
rapid response

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6
Q

innate immunity consists of:

A

external barriers plus internal cellular and chemical defenses

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7
Q

where is innate immunity found in

A

all classes of plants and animal life

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8
Q

acquired immunity

A

develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, or foreign substances
slow response but very specific

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9
Q

Acquired immunity is found in…

A

vertebrates

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10
Q

first barrier of pathogens in insects

A

exoskeleton made of chitin

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11
Q

innate defenses of invertebrates

A

low pH
antimicrobial peptides
phagocytosis in which an enzyme lysozyme digests microbial cell walls

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12
Q

how does the immune system recognize bacteria and fungi?

A

by structures on their cell walls

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13
Q

immune response depends on?

A

the class of pathogens encountered

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14
Q

innate defenses of vertebrates

A

barrier defenses
low pH
phagocytosis
antimicrobial peptides

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15
Q

additional defenses unique to vertebrates

A

the innate defenses with WBC
Inflammatory response
NK cells

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16
Q

barrier defenses of vertebrates

A

skin

mucous membranes of respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

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17
Q

mucus

A

traps and allows for the removal of microbes

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18
Q

body fluids hostile to microbes

A

saliva
mucus
tears

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19
Q

the low pH of skin and digestive system prevents what?

A

growth of microbes

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20
Q

white blood cells

A

(luekocytes)
engulf pathogens in the body
then fuses with a lysozyme to destroy the microbes

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21
Q

macrophages

A

produced by differentiation of monocytes

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22
Q

Inflammatory response

A

following an injury. mast cells release histamine which changes increase local blood supply and allow more phagocytes and antimicrobial proteins to enter tissues

23
Q

histamine

A

promotes changes in blood vessels

24
Q

what accumulates at the site of inflammation?

A

fluid rich in white blood cells, dead microbes, and cell debris

25
Q

all cells in the body (except red bloods cells) have….

A

a class 1 MHC protein on their surface

26
Q

what type of cells no longer express MHC proteins?

A

cancerous and infected cells

27
Q

what happens to cancerous or infected cells?

A

natural killer (NK) cells attack them

28
Q

inflamation can be either…

A

local or systemic (throughout the body)

29
Q

Fever is…

A

a systemic inflammatory response triggered by pyrogens released by toxins from pathogens

30
Q

how do some pathogens avoid destruction?

A

by modifying their surface

31
Q

why do pathogens modify their surface?

A

to prevent recognition or by resisting breakdown following phagocytosis

32
Q

lymphocytes

A

a type of white blood cell that recognizes and responds to antigens

33
Q

T cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in the thymus above the heart

34
Q

B cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow

35
Q

lymphocytes contribute to…

A

immunological memory

36
Q

immunological memory

A

an enhanced response to a foreign molecules encountered previously

37
Q

each individual lymphocyte is specialized to…

A

recognize a specific type of molecules

38
Q

2 types of acquired immunity

A

Humoral immune response

Cell mediated immune response

39
Q

humoral immune response

A

B cells after recognizing an antigen give rise to plasma cells which secrete antibodies or immunoglobulins

40
Q

Antibodies or immunoglobulins

A

proteins secreted by plasma cells

41
Q

Cell mediated immune response

A

T cells bind to antigen fragments and then activate macrophages, natural killer cells and antigen specific cytotoxic T cells

42
Q

3 important properties of the acquired immune system

A

receptor diversity
a lack of reactivity against host cells
immunological memory

43
Q

primary immune response

A

first exposure to a specific antigen

44
Q

during the primary immune response…

A

effector B cells called plasma cells are generated

T cells are activated to their effector forms

45
Q

secondary immune response

A

memory cells facilitate a faster, more efficient response

46
Q

active immunity

A

develops naturally in response to an infection

47
Q

passive immunity

A

provides immediate, short-term protection

48
Q

Passive immunity is passed along naturally when…

A

IgG crosses the placenta from mother to fetus
or
when IgA passes from mother to infant in breast milk

49
Q

when immune system is disrupted

A

autoimmune disease
allergy
immunodeficiency

50
Q

autoimmune disease

A

the immune system loses tolerance for self and turns against certain molecules of the body

51
Q

autoimmune diseases include:

A

rheumatoid arthritis
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
multiple sclerosis

52
Q

allergies

A

exaggerated (hypersensitive) responses to antigens called allergens

53
Q

inborn immunodeficiency

A

results from hereditary or developmental defects that prevent proper functioning of innate, humoral, and/or cell-mediated defenses

54
Q

acquired immunodeficiency

A

results from exposure to chemical and biological agents

Biology 102 Final (6 decks)

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