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Biology 102 Final > Chapter 41 > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Flashcards

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1
Q

nutrition

A

food is taken in, taken apart and taken up

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2
Q

what are the 4 essential nutrients?

A

essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals

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3
Q

4 essential nutrients are:

A

required by cells

obtained from dietary sources

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4
Q

Undernourshiment

A

results of a diet that constantly lacks chemical energy that the body requires

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5
Q

undernourished individuals will..?

A

use up stored fat and carbs.
break down its own proteins and lose muscle mass
suffer protein deficiency of the brain
die or suffer irreversible damage

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6
Q

malnourishment

A

long-term absence of one or more essential nutrients

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7
Q

malnourished can can:

A

cause deformities, disease and death

be corrected by changes to a diet

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8
Q

what are the main stages of food processing?

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

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9
Q

what are the 4 types of ingestion?

A

suspension feeders
substrate feeders
fluid feeders
bulk feeders

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10
Q

suspension feeders

A

sift small food particles form the water

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11
Q

digestion

A

process of breaking down food into molecules that are small enough to absorb

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12
Q

enzymatic hydrolysis

A

splits bonds between molecules with the addition of water in chemical digestion

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13
Q

absorption

A

uptake of nutrients by body cells

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14
Q

elimination

A

passage of undigested material out of the digestive comartment

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15
Q

digestive compartments

A

reduces the risk of animals digesting its own cells and tissues

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16
Q

what are the 2 digestive compartments

A

intracellular digestion

extracellular digestion

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17
Q

intracellular digestion

A

food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vaculoes

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18
Q

extracellular digestion

A

breakdown of food particles outside of cells

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of extracellular digestion?

A

gastrovascular cavity

complete digestive tract

20
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

found in animals with simple body plans

function in both the digestion and distribution of nutrients

21
Q

complete digestive tract

A

(alimentary canal)
2 openings (mouth and anus)
specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a step-wise fashion

22
Q

peristalsis

A

pushes food along

rhythmic contractions of muscles

23
Q

sphincters

A

valves

regulate the movement of material between compartments

24
Q

amylase

A

initiates breakdown of glucose polymers

25
Q

esophagus

A

conducts food form the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis

26
Q

chime

A

a meal after the stomach secretes gastric juice

27
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete hydrogen and chloride ions

28
Q

chief cells

A

secretes inactive pepsinogen

29
Q

pepsinogen

A

activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach

30
Q

pepsin

A

breaks down food

makes up gastric juice

31
Q

duodenum

A

1st portion if the small intestines

where acid chime mixes with digestive juice form the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestines

32
Q

pancreas

A

produces proteins trypsin and chymotrypsin

33
Q

trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

protein-digesting enzymes
activated after entering the duodenum
neutralizes the acidic chime

34
Q

bile

A

aids in digestion and absorption of fats
made in the liver
stores in the gallbladder

35
Q

ville and microvilli

A

increase surface area of small intestines
cellular membrane protrusions exposed to intestinal lumen
greatly increase rate of nutrients absorption

36
Q

evolutionary adaptations of the digestive system

A

Dentition
Mutualistic adaptions
stomach and intestinal adaptations

37
Q

dentition

A

animals assortment of teeth

38
Q

mutualistic adaptation

A

herbivores have fermentation chambers where symbiotic microorganisms digest cellulose

39
Q

stomach and intestinal adaptation

A

herbivores have longer alimentary canals than carnivores reflecting the longer time needed to digest vegetation

40
Q

overnourishment

A

causes obesity

excessive intake of food energy with excess stored as fat

41
Q

homeostatic mechanism

A

feedback circuits that control the bodys storage and metabolism of fat over the long-term

42
Q

stimulus: blood glucose level rises after eating

A

pancreas secretes insulin into blood

insulin enhances the transport of glucose into body cells
aids in storing it as glycogen

43
Q

stimulus: blood glucose level drops below set point

A

pancreas secretes glucagon into blood

glucagon promotes breakdown of glycogen in liver and release of glucose in blood

44
Q

homeostasis:

A

90 mg glucose/ 100mL blood

45
Q

what is the hormone that plays a role in regulating appetite?

A

leptin

Biology 102 Final (6 decks)

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