Chapter 41

Question 1

nutrition

Answer 1

food is taken in, taken apart and taken up

Question 2

what are the 4 essential nutrients?

Answer 2

essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals

Question 3

4 essential nutrients are:

Answer 3

required by cells

obtained from dietary sources

Question 4

Undernourshiment

Answer 4

results of a diet that constantly lacks chemical energy that the body requires

Question 5

undernourished individuals will..?

Answer 5

use up stored fat and carbs.
break down its own proteins and lose muscle mass
suffer protein deficiency of the brain
die or suffer irreversible damage

Question 6

malnourishment

Answer 6

long-term absence of one or more essential nutrients

Question 7

malnourished can can:

Answer 7

cause deformities, disease and death

be corrected by changes to a diet

Question 8

what are the main stages of food processing?

Answer 8

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

Question 9

what are the 4 types of ingestion?

Answer 9

suspension feeders
substrate feeders
fluid feeders
bulk feeders

Question 10

suspension feeders

Answer 10

sift small food particles form the water

Question 11

digestion

Answer 11

process of breaking down food into molecules that are small enough to absorb

Question 12

enzymatic hydrolysis

Answer 12

splits bonds between molecules with the addition of water in chemical digestion

Question 13

absorption

Answer 13

uptake of nutrients by body cells

Question 14

elimination

Answer 14

passage of undigested material out of the digestive comartment

Question 15

digestive compartments

Answer 15

reduces the risk of animals digesting its own cells and tissues

Question 16

what are the 2 digestive compartments

Answer 16

intracellular digestion

extracellular digestion

Question 17

intracellular digestion

Answer 17

food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vaculoes

Question 18

extracellular digestion

Answer 18

breakdown of food particles outside of cells

Question 19

what are the 2 types of extracellular digestion?

Answer 19

gastrovascular cavity

complete digestive tract

Question 20

gastrovascular cavity

Answer 20

found in animals with simple body plans

function in both the digestion and distribution of nutrients

Question 21

complete digestive tract

Answer 21

(alimentary canal)
2 openings (mouth and anus)
specialized regions that carry out digestion and absorption in a step-wise fashion

Question 22

peristalsis

Answer 22

pushes food along

rhythmic contractions of muscles

Question 23

sphincters

Answer 23

valves

regulate the movement of material between compartments

Question 24

amylase

Answer 24

initiates breakdown of glucose polymers

Question 25

esophagus

Answer 25

conducts food form the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis

Question 26

chime

Answer 26

a meal after the stomach secretes gastric juice

Question 27

parietal cells

Answer 27

secrete hydrogen and chloride ions

Question 28

chief cells

Answer 28

secretes inactive pepsinogen

Question 29

pepsinogen

Answer 29

activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Question 30

pepsin

Answer 30

breaks down food | makes up gastric juice

Question 31

duodenum

Answer 31

1st portion if the small intestines where acid chime mixes with digestive juice form the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestines

Question 32

pancreas

Answer 32

produces proteins trypsin and chymotrypsin

Question 33

trypsin and chymotrypsin

Answer 33

protein-digesting enzymes activated after entering the duodenum neutralizes the acidic chime

Question 34

bile

Answer 34

aids in digestion and absorption of fats made in the liver stores in the gallbladder

Question 35

ville and microvilli

Answer 35

increase surface area of small intestines cellular membrane protrusions exposed to intestinal lumen greatly increase rate of nutrients absorption

Question 36

evolutionary adaptations of the digestive system

Answer 36

Dentition Mutualistic adaptions stomach and intestinal adaptations

Question 37

dentition

Answer 37

animals assortment of teeth

Question 38

mutualistic adaptation

Answer 38

herbivores have fermentation chambers where symbiotic microorganisms digest cellulose

Question 39

stomach and intestinal adaptation

Answer 39

herbivores have longer alimentary canals than carnivores reflecting the longer time needed to digest vegetation

Question 40

overnourishment

Answer 40

causes obesity | excessive intake of food energy with excess stored as fat

Question 41

homeostatic mechanism

Answer 41

feedback circuits that control the bodys storage and metabolism of fat over the long-term

Question 42

stimulus: blood glucose level rises after eating

Answer 42

pancreas secretes insulin into blood insulin enhances the transport of glucose into body cells aids in storing it as glycogen

Question 43

stimulus: blood glucose level drops below set point

Answer 43

pancreas secretes glucagon into blood glucagon promotes breakdown of glycogen in liver and release of glucose in blood

Question 44

homeostasis:

Answer 44

90 mg glucose/ 100mL blood

Question 45

what is the hormone that plays a role in regulating appetite?

Answer 45

leptin