Chapter 42

Question 1

circulatory system can be…

Answer 1

opened or closed

Question 2

3 basic components of the circulatory system

Answer 2

circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
a set of tubes (blood vessels)
muscular pump (the heart)

Question 3

open circulatory system

Answer 3

blood bathes the organs directly
no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid (hemolymph)
present in insects and other anthropods

Question 4

closed circulatory system

Answer 4

blood is confined to vessels
distinct from interstitial fluid
more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells

Question 5

cardiovascular system

Answer 5

closed

made up of 3 main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins

Question 6

arteries

Answer 6

branch into arterioles

carry blood to capillaries

Question 7

veins

Answer 7

converge form nevules

return blood from the capillaries to the heart

Question 8

atrium

Answer 8

blood enters the heart

Question 9

ventricle

Answer 9

blood leaves the heart

Question 10

2 types of closed circulatory systems

Answer 10

single and double circulation

Question 11

single circulation

Answer 11

blood leaving the heart passes through 2 capillary beads before returning
ex: bony fish, rays, sharks

Question 12

double circulation

Answer 12

oxygen-poor blood and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart
maintains high blood pressure

Question 13

double circulation in reptiles and mammals

Answer 13

oxygen-poor blood flows through the pulmonary circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs
oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen through the systemic circuit

Question 14

cardiac cycle

Answer 14

heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle

Question 15

systole

Answer 15

contraction or pumping phase

Question 16

diastole

Answer 16

relaxation or filling phase

Question 17

heart rate

Answer 17

number of beats per minute

Question 18

stroke volume

Answer 18

amount of blood pumped in a single contraction

Question 19

cardiac output

Answer 19

volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute
depends in both heart rate and stroke volume

Question 20

2 atrioventricular valves

Answer 20

separate each atrium and ventricle

Question 21

2 semilunar valves

Answer 21

control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery

Question 22

what is the sounds a heart beat males

Answer 22

Lub-dup

caused by the recoil of blood against the AV valves (lub)

Question 23

pacemaker

Answer 23

sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract

Question 24

blood flow velocity

Answer 24

slowest in the capillary beds due to high resistance

flow for exchange of material

Question 25

blood pressure

Answer 25

hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel

Question 26

systolic pressure

Answer 26

pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole

Question 27

diastolic pressure

Answer 27

pressure in the arteries during diastole | lower than systolic pressure

Question 28

pulse

Answer 28

rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat

Question 29

vasoconstriction

Answer 29

contraction of smooth muscles in arteriole walls | increases blood pressure

Question 30

vasodilation

Answer 30

relaxation of smooth arteriole walls | causes blood pressure to fall

Question 31

components of blood

Answer 31

``` plasma (water, ions, proteins) cellular elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) ```

Question 32

water in blood

Answer 32

solvent for carrying other substances

Question 33

ions in blood

Answer 33

blood electrolytes osmotic balance pH buffer regulation of membrane permeability

Question 34

proteins in blood

Answer 34

osmotic balance pH buffer clotting defense

Question 35

red blood cells

Answer 35

erythrocytes | transport oxygen

Question 36

white blood cells

Answer 36

leukocytes | defense

Question 37

platelets

Answer 37

fragment cells | clotting

Question 38

vasoconstriction and vasodilation help...

Answer 38

maintain adequate blood flow as the body's demands change