Chapter 42 Flashcards
Cardiac Cycle
vena cava- right atrium- right ventricle- lungs- pulmonary veins- left atrium- left ventricle- aorta- body
systole
contraction phase
diastole
relaxation phase
blood
55% plasma- 45% cellular elements
cellular elements of blood
white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells
leukocytes
white blood cells- basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils
erythrocyte function
red blood cells transport O2 and CO2
stem cells
found in bone marrow, give rise to all the different types of blood cells
myeloid stem cells
basophils, neutrophils, RBC, monocytes, eosinophils, platelets
lymphoid stem cells
lymphocytes- B cells and T cells
atherosclerosis
hardening of the arteries
platelet function
clotting
cholesterol function
needed for bile, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and cell membranes. Contributes to plaque formation.
types of cholesterol
HDL and LDL
cholesterol travel
cholesterol is hydrophobic so it travels in the blood of lipoprotein complexes
HDL- high- density lipoproteins
Carries cholesterol from the tissues to the liver to be processed(conversion to bile) or eliminated
LDL- low- density lipoproteins
Carries cholesterol to tissue
HDL
reduces the risk of heart disease
LDL
increases the risk of heart disease, binds to the cells of the arterial wall, and contributes to plaque formation
heart attack
blockage in the coronary artery
stroke
blockage in an artery in the brain
hypertension
high blood pressure damages arterial walls
hardened arteries
narrower and elastic, leads to hypertension
the greater the concentration difference, the faster the diffusion
true
Which of the following results in the greatest blood pressure in the mammalian aorta?
systole of the left ventricle
tracheal system of insects
a series of internal tubes, branching to contact individual cells. This system delivers gases directly to cells, without a circulatory system.
gills
external surfaces that function in gas exchange
countercurrent exchange
helps maintain a concentration gradient with higher O2 outside and lower O2 inside across the whole system
fishes need a CC exchange because
the concentration of O2 dissolved in water is much less in
Although countercurrent flow transfers dissolved oxygen more efficiently in gills, the actual transfer of oxygen from the water to the blood still involves which process?
diffusion
How is the position of the lung tissue inside the body cavity an advantage for terrestrial animals?
helps prevent them from drying out
frog respiration
frogs have no diaphragm and use positive pressure breathing to bring air into their lungs.
What pressure do humans and other mammals use to fill their lungs?
Negative pressure breathing
Bird respiration
Birds have “air sacs” that allow air to flow through their lungs in one direction.
Unidirectional flow allows
more efficient countercurrent gas exchange
Where would you expect the concentration of oxygen (PO2) to be highest?
alveoli
How many O2 molecules can hemoglobin bind?
4
How is CO2 transported?
Some are bound to hemoglobin, and most are converted to bicarbonate
Higher O2 concentration results in…
tighter hemoglobin binding(but hemoglobin does not bind as tightly in acidic enviornments)
myoglobin
protein found in cardiac and skeletal muscle that binds oxygen and stores it.
High elevation adaptation
They have hemoglobin that binds oxygen more tightly than humans, more alveoli and blood vessels, and a larger heart.
athletes have
Slower heart rates, more red blood cells, stronger heart
Erythropoietin(EPO)
A hormone released by the kidneys, when muscles do not receive enough O2, which stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.
Breathing is regulated by:
Brain sensors monitor pH, aorta sensors monitor O2
If the pH of the blood decreases, the heart’s pacemaker would
speed up the heartbeat
Sea creatures can hold their breath for long periods because:
Increased O2 stores, anaerobic metabolism, reduced O2 usage, (gliding instead of swimming, and redistribution of blood flow)
