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Biology 102 > Chapter 42 > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

vena cava- right atrium- right ventricle- lungs- pulmonary veins- left atrium- left ventricle- aorta- body

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2
Q

systole

A

contraction phase

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3
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase

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4
Q

blood

A

55% plasma- 45% cellular elements

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5
Q

cellular elements of blood

A

white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells

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6
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells- basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils

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7
Q

erythrocyte function

A

red blood cells transport O2 and CO2

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8
Q

stem cells

A

found in bone marrow, give rise to all the different types of blood cells

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9
Q

myeloid stem cells

A

basophils, neutrophils, RBC, monocytes, eosinophils, platelets

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10
Q

lymphoid stem cells

A

lymphocytes- B cells and T cells

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11
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

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12
Q

platelet function

A

clotting

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13
Q

cholesterol function

A

needed for bile, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and cell membranes. Contributes to plaque formation.

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14
Q

types of cholesterol

A

HDL and LDL

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15
Q

cholesterol travel

A

cholesterol is hydrophobic so it travels in the blood of lipoprotein complexes

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16
Q

HDL- high- density lipoproteins

A

Carries cholesterol from the tissues to the liver to be processed(conversion to bile) or eliminated

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17
Q

LDL- low- density lipoproteins

A

Carries cholesterol to tissue

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18
Q

HDL

A

reduces the risk of heart disease

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19
Q

LDL

A

increases the risk of heart disease, binds to the cells of the arterial wall, and contributes to plaque formation

20
Q

heart attack

A

blockage in the coronary artery

21
Q

stroke

A

blockage in an artery in the brain

22
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure damages arterial walls

23
Q

hardened arteries

A

narrower and elastic, leads to hypertension

24
Q

the greater the concentration difference, the faster the diffusion

A

true

25
Q

Which of the following results in the greatest blood pressure in the mammalian aorta?

A

systole of the left ventricle

26
Q

tracheal system of insects

A

a series of internal tubes, branching to contact individual cells. This system delivers gases directly to cells, without a circulatory system.

27
Q

gills

A

external surfaces that function in gas exchange

28
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

helps maintain a concentration gradient with higher O2 outside and lower O2 inside across the whole system

29
Q

fishes need a CC exchange because

A

the concentration of O2 dissolved in water is much less in

30
Q

Although countercurrent flow transfers dissolved oxygen more efficiently in gills, the actual transfer of oxygen from the water to the blood still involves which process?

A

diffusion

31
Q

How is the position of the lung tissue inside the body cavity an advantage for terrestrial animals?

A

helps prevent them from drying out

32
Q

frog respiration

A

frogs have no diaphragm and use positive pressure breathing to bring air into their lungs.

33
Q

What pressure do humans and other mammals use to fill their lungs?

A

Negative pressure breathing

34
Q

Bird respiration

A

Birds have “air sacs” that allow air to flow through their lungs in one direction.

35
Q

Unidirectional flow allows

A

more efficient countercurrent gas exchange

36
Q

Where would you expect the concentration of oxygen (PO2) to be highest?

A

alveoli

37
Q

How many O2 molecules can hemoglobin bind?

A

4

38
Q

How is CO2 transported?

A

Some are bound to hemoglobin, and most are converted to bicarbonate

39
Q

Higher O2 concentration results in…

A

tighter hemoglobin binding(but hemoglobin does not bind as tightly in acidic enviornments)

40
Q

myoglobin

A

protein found in cardiac and skeletal muscle that binds oxygen and stores it.

41
Q

High elevation adaptation

A

They have hemoglobin that binds oxygen more tightly than humans, more alveoli and blood vessels, and a larger heart.

42
Q

athletes have

A

Slower heart rates, more red blood cells, stronger heart

43
Q

Erythropoietin(EPO)

A

A hormone released by the kidneys, when muscles do not receive enough O2, which stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

44
Q

Breathing is regulated by:

A

Brain sensors monitor pH, aorta sensors monitor O2

45
Q

If the pH of the blood decreases, the heart’s pacemaker would

A

speed up the heartbeat

46
Q

Sea creatures can hold their breath for long periods because:

A

Increased O2 stores, anaerobic metabolism, reduced O2 usage, (gliding instead of swimming, and redistribution of blood flow)

Biology 102 (8 decks)

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