Chapter 41 F&E

Question 1

Intracellular

Answer 1

Fluids within cells; 42% of total body weight; 2/3 of total body= water

Question 2

Extracellular

Answer 2

Fluids outside of cells; 17% of body weight; 1/3 of total body weight

Question 3

3 Extracellular Compartments

Answer 3

Interstitial, Intravascular, Transcellular

Question 4

Interstitial

Answer 4

between cells

Question 5

Intravascular

Answer 5

plasma

Question 6

Transcellular

Answer 6

fluid separated by barrier

Question 7

Electrolytes

Answer 7

An element or compound that, when dissolved or dissociated in water or solvent, separates into ions

Question 8

Cations

Answer 8

Positive Charge; Na+(sodium), K+(potassium), CA2+(calcium)

Question 9

Anions

Answer 9

Negative Charge; Cl-(chloride), HCO3-(bicarbonate), SO4-(sulfate)

Question 10

Potassium (K+)

Answer 10

Normal range 3.5-5 mEq/L;
Major factor in ICF; Responsible for key metabolic & muscular activity-including cardiac conduction; Regulated by dietary intake & renal excretion

Question 11

Sodium (Na+)

Answer 11

Normal range 135-145 mEq/L;

Most abundant in ECF; Major contributors to water balance; regulated by dietary intake and aldosterone secretion

Question 12

Normal Arterial Blood pH

Answer 12

7.35-7.45

Question 13

Osmosis

Answer 13

Movement of a solvent across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lesser to one of greater concentration.

Question 14

Diffusion

Answer 14

Random movement of a solute through a semi-permeable membrane from higher to lower concentration. (ie. oxygen & carbon dioxide)

Question 15

Filtration

Answer 15

Movement of water and diffusable substances across a membrane together, under pressure, from higher to lower pressure.

Question 16

Active Transport

Answer 16

Movement of ions against osmotic pressure to an area of higher pressure. Requires energy. (ie. sodium potassium pump)

Question 17

Acidosis

Answer 17

Excess of hydrogen ions in the ECF (below 7.35)

pH decreases; respiratory, renal, or metabolic cause; ECF becomes acidic

Question 18

Alkalosis

Answer 18

lack of hydrogen ions (above 7.45)

ECF becomes alkaline; pH increases, hyperventilation; vomiting; excess ingestion of base (antacids)

Question 19

Hydrogen Ion Regulators

Answer 19

• Buffer systems
• Respiratory
• Kidneys

Question 20

Buffer

Answer 20

A substance or group of substances that can absorb or release H+ (lungs, heart, kidneys)

Question 21

Acidic

Answer 21

More H+, pH less than 7.35

Question 22

Chemical Acid-Base Balance Regulation

Answer 22

Carbonic Acid and bicarbonate buffer system; Reacts in seconds to change ECF pH; ECF becomes more acidic, pH decreases, producing acidosis; ECF receives more base, pH increases, producing alkalosis

Question 23

Biological Acid-Base Balance Regulation

Answer 23

Occurs when hydrogen ions are absorbed or released by cells; Occurs after chemical buffering; Ion exchange: with excess acid H+ enters the cell, K+ leaves, enters ECF producing increased serum K+ (ketoacidosis and starvation)

Question 24

Physiological Acid-Base Balance Regulation

Answer 24

Buffers are located in lungs and kidneys; healthy ones act to return pH to normal; lungs correct imbalance by altering rate and depth of respiration; kidneys increase or decrease HCO3- production (reabsorb or excrete) and excrete H+

Question 25

Lungs

Answer 25

Control excretion of CO2

Question 26

Kidneys

Answer 26

Control excretion of H+ and HCO3-

Question 27

Alkalosis; pH would increase because person is getting rid of CO2 (associated with acid)

Answer 27

Hyperventilating

Question 28

Isotonic

Answer 28

same osmality as blood

Question 29

Hypertonic

Answer 29

higher osmotic pressure; pulls fluid from cells (Cells shrink)

Question 30

Hypotonic

Answer 30

lower osmotic pressure, fluids go in cell to enlarge

Question 31

Fluid Intake for Regulation of Body Fluids

Answer 31

Regulated by thirst; intake is about 2200-2700 ml/day; requires an alert state

Question 32

ADH (water retention); Renin angiotensis-aldosterone mechanism (sodium and water retention to help increase blood volume); atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - diuretic that cause sodium loss and inhibit thirst mechanism

Answer 32

Hormonal Regulation of Body Fluids

Question 33

Lost through kidneys, skin, lungs, gi tract; insensible loss through lungs and skin; sensible loss excessive perspiration

Answer 33

Fluid Output for Regulation of body fluids

Question 34

Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances (6)

Answer 34

Hypo and hypernatremia
Hypo and hypermagnesemia
Hypo and hyperkalemia