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Fundamentals > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

0
Q

Active process, stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta

A

Inspiration

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1
Q

Process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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2
Q

A passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work

A

Expiration

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3
Q

A chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing

A

Surfactant

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4
Q

A collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Atelectasis

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5
Q

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute

A

Cardiac output

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6
Q

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole

A

Stroke volume

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7
Q

The resistance to left ventricular ejection

A

Afterload

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8
Q

Amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole

A

Preload

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9
Q

The electrical activity of the conduction system

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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10
Q

Extra cellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood volume

A

Hypovolemia

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11
Q

Alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

A

Hypoventilation

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12
Q

State of ventilation in which the lungs remove carbon dioxide faster than it is produced by cellular metabolism

A

Hyperventilation

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13
Q

In adequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

A

Hypoxia

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14
Q

Rhythm disturbances

A

Dysrhythmias

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15
Q

Life threatening dysthymia a because of the decreased cardiac output and potential to deteriorate into ventricular fibrillation

A

Ventricular tachycardia

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16
Q

Sudden cardiac death

A

Ventricular fibrillation

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17
Q

Supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen needs

A

Myocardial ischemia

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18
Q

Transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand

A

Angina pectoris

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19
Q

Sudden decreases in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate coronary profusion

A

Myocardial infraction (MI) or acute coronary syndrome

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20
Q

Subjective sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing

A

Dyspnea

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21
Q

Abnormal condition in which a patient uses multiple pillows when reclining to breathe easier

A

Orthopnea

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22
Q

Bloody sputum

A

Hemoptysis

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23
Q

Bloody sputum from gastrointestinal tract

A

Hematemesis

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24
Q

High-pitched musical sound caused by high-velocity movement of air through a narrowed airway

A

Wheezing

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25
Q

Increased rate and depth of respirations

A

Kussmaul respiration

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26
Q

The absence of respirations for a period of time

A

Apnea

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27
Q

Decreased blood flow or injury to the brainstem

A

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

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28
Q

The process of adding water to gas

A

Humidification

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29
Q

Adding moisture or medications to inspired air by mixing particles of varying sizes with air

A

Nebulization

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30
Q

A group of therapies for mobilizing pulmonary secretions

A

Chest physiotherapy (CPT)

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31
Q

Component of pulmonary hygiene; consists of drainage, positioning, and turning and is sometimes accompanied by chest percussion and vibrations

A

Postural drainage

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32
Q

Short-term artificial airway to administer mechanical ventilation, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration, or clear secretions

A

Endnoteachial (ET) tube

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33
Q

A surgical tube is made into the trachea and a short artificial airway (tracheostomy tube) is inserted

A

Tracheostomy

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34
Q

Encourages voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to patients about inspiratory volume

A

Incentive spirometry

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35
Q

Used to prevent using invasive artificial airways (ET) in patients with acute respiratory failure, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, or exacerbation of COPD

A

Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV)

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36
Q

Ventilatory support used to treat patients with obstructive sleep apnea, patients with congestive heart failure, and preterm infants with under developed lungs

A

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

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37
Q

Ventilatory support used to treat patients with obstructive sleep, patients with congestive heart failure, and preterm infants with under developed lungs

A

Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP)

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38
Q

A catheter inserted through the thorax to remove air and fluids from the pleural space, to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural space, or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures

A

Chest tube

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39
Q

Collection of air in the pleural space

A

Pneumothorax

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40
Q

An accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura, usually as a result of trauma

A

Hemothorax

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41
Q

Simple, comfortable device used for precise oxygen delivery. 2 nasal prongs inserted into nostrils

A

Nasal cannula

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42
Q

Deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse

A

Pursed-lip breathing

43
Q

Determines ability of the lungs to efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Pulmonary Function Test

44
Q

Patient walks on a treadmill at a specified speed and duration of time. Evaluates the cardiac response to physical stress

A

ECG Exercise Stress Test

45
Q

Noninvasive measure of heart structure and heart wall motion. It graphically demonstrates overall cardiac performance.

A

Echocardiography

46
Q

Portable ECG worn by a patient. Produces a continuous ECG tracing over a period of time.

A

Holter Monitor

47
Q

Used to visualize cardiac chambers, valves, the great vessels, and coronary arteries. Pressures and volumes within the four chambers of the heart are also monitored.

A

Cardiac Catheterization and Angioplasty

48
Q

Visual examination of the tracheobronchial tree through a narrow, flexible fiberoptic scope.

A

Bronchoscopy

49
Q

Surgical perforation of chest wall and pleural space with a needle to aspirate fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes or to remove a specimen for biopsy

A

Thoracentesis

50
Q

Obtained to identify a specific microorganism or organism growing in sputum

A

Sputum Specimen

51
Q

Provide important information for assessment of patient’s respiratory and metabolic acid/base balance and adequacy of oxygenation

A

Arterial blood gasses

52
Q

ECG stress test with the addition of thallium-201 injected intravenously. It determines coronary blood flow changes with increased activity.

A

Thallium Stress Test

53
Q

An abnormally rapid heart rate, greater than 100 bpm in adults

A

Tachycardia

54
Q

Absence of oxygen

A

Anoxia

55
Q

Abnormally slow breathing

A

Brandypnea

56
Q

Abnormally rapid respiration

A

Tachypnea

57
Q

A slow heartbeat marked by a pulse rate below 60 bpm in an adult

A

Bradycardia

58
Q

What are some diseases or medical problems that affect oxygenation?

A

COPD, Asthma, Pregnancy, Upper Respiratory Infection, Anemia, MI, Obesity

59
Q

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism

A

Respiration

60
Q

Where does the exchange of respiratory gases occur?

A

Between the environment and the blood.

61
Q

What controls the rate and depth of respiration in response to changing tissue oxygen demands?

A

Neural and chemical regulators

62
Q

Which two systems supply the oxygen demands of the body?

A

Cardiac and respiratory

63
Q

What is the primary function of the lungs?

A

To transfer oxygen from the atmosphere into the alveoli and carbon dioxide out of the body.

64
Q

Gases move into and out of the lungs through

A

Pressure changes

65
Q

Interpleural pressure is __________. It is ____mm Hg at sea level.

A

negative; 760

66
Q

For air to flow into the lungs, intrapleural pressure becomes ________ __________

A

more negative

67
Q

The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Perfusion

68
Q

Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries

A

Diffusion

69
Q

The major inspiratory muscle

A

diaphram

70
Q

The effort required to expand and contract the lungs

A

WOB (work of breathing)

71
Q

The amount of energy expended on breathing depends on the ________ and ___________ of breathing, ________ and _________

A

rate; depth; compliance; airway resistance

72
Q

The ease with which the lungs can be expanded

A

Compliance

73
Q

Decreases in diseases such as pulmonary edema, interstitial and pleural fibrosis, and congenital or traumatic structural abnormalities such as kyphosis or fractured ribs

A

Compliance

74
Q

The increase in pressure that occurs as the diameter of the airways decreases from mouth/nose to alveoli

A

Airway resistance

75
Q

What increases airway resistance?

A

Diseases such as asthma & tracheal edema.

76
Q

What is the result of airway resistance?

A

Decreased O2 delivered to the alveoli

77
Q

The amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration

A

Tidal volume

78
Q

The amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration

A

Residual volume

79
Q

The maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration

A

Forced vital capacity

80
Q

Measures the volume of air entering or leaving the lungs

A

spirometry

81
Q

Primary function is to move blood to and from the alveolar capillary membranes for gas exchange

A

Pulmonary circulation

82
Q

What are 4 things that effect oxygen transport

A

Ventilation, Perfusion, Rate of diffusion, 02 carrying capacity

83
Q

What is one disease that effects oxygen-carrying capacity

A

anemia

84
Q

A carrier for O2 and Carbon dioxide, transports most O2 (97%)

A

Hemoglobin

85
Q

Diffuses into red blood cells and is hydrated into carbonic acid (H2CO3)

A

Carbon dioxide

86
Q

What does carbonic acid dissociate into?

A

hydrogen (H) and bicarbonate (HCO3-)

87
Q

Neural and chemical regulators control the process of _____

A

respiration

88
Q

__________ controls the respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm.

A

CNS

89
Q

Regulates the voluntary control of respiration

A

Cerebral cortex

90
Q

Maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on changes in the blood concentrations of CO2 and O2, and in hydrogen ion concentration (pH)

A

Chemical regulation

91
Q

________ sense changes in the chemical content and stimulate neural regulators to adjust.

A

Chemoreceptors

92
Q

Which side of the heart recieves deoxygenated blood?

A

Right

93
Q

Where does oxygenated blood travel to?

A

The left side of the heart

94
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood through the….

A

pulmonary circulation

95
Q

The left ventricle pumps blood through the….

A

systemic circulation

96
Q

As the myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases.

A

Starling’s law

97
Q

How do you determine cardiac output

A

Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR)

98
Q

Myocardial blood flow S1

A

mitral and tricuspid close

99
Q

Myocardial blood flow S2

A

aortic and pulmonic close

100
Q

Branch of systemic circulation that supplies the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients and removes wastes

A

Coronary artery circulation

101
Q

Arteries and veins deliver nutrients and oxygen to tissues and remove waste products

A

Systemic circulation

102
Q

Influences the rate of impulse generation and the speed of conduction pathways

A

Autonomic nervous system

103
Q

Increase the rate of impulse generation and impulse transmission and innervates all parts of the atria and ventricle

A

Sympathetic nervous system

104
Q

Decreases the rate and innervates atria, ventricles, and sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes

A

Parasympathetic system

105
Q

Originates with the sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker and is transmitted to the atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers

A

Conduction system

Fundamentals (11 decks)

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