Chapter 4: Weight Management

Question 1

How does obesity Canada define “obesity?”

Answer 1

an abnormal or excess amount of body fat that IMPAIRS health. It is a lifelong disease (chronic) which means that it is a lifelong challenge. Obesity is due to the fact that our bodies cannot effectively store our body fat

Question 2

What leading health problems can obesity cause?

Answer 2

type 2 diabetes, stroke, arthritis, cancer

Question 3

True or false (if false, correct to be true): obesity should be defined as one’s weight and size rather than if their body fat impairs their health

Answer 3

False

should be: obesity should NOT be defined as one’s weight or size but rather if their body fat impairs their health

Question 4

What are the Canadian clinical practise guidelines for treating people with obesity?

Answer 4

They now reflect a big shift to approaching obesity with a focus on a patients health rather than focusing on weight loss or dieting

Question 5

What are the 3 pillars that support treatment of obesity?

Answer 5

1. cognitive behavioural therapy = using psychology to identify the underlying issues for why individuals have certain relationships with food (ex: from trauma)
2. Pharmacy therapy = medications can be used to address the brain and gut connection. This manages hormones that are causing hunger cravings
3. bariatric surgery

Question 6

what is the difference between weight bias, stigma and weight based discrimination?

Answer 6

weight bias = own individual bias/beliefs about obesity (lazy, undisciplined etc); PERSONAL ATTITUDES

stigma = social stereotypes that are engraved in society; SOCIAL ATTITUDES

weight based discrimination = when we act on our personal attitudes and social stigma and treat people unfairly; ACTING ON THE WEIGHT BIAS AND STIGMA TO TREAT PEOPLE UNFAIRLY

Question 7

Give the statistics for each:

1. __% chance of elementary school kids with obesity face bullying
2. __% of adults with obesity report being stigmatized by coworkers
3. __% adults with obesity experience weight bias from health care professionals
4. __% of images and __% of videos stigmatize people with obesity

Answer 7

1. 63% chance of elementary school kids with obesity face bullying
2. 54% of adults with obesity report being stigmatized by coworkers
3. 64% adults with obesity experience weight bias from health care professionals
4. 72% of images and 77% of videos stigmatize people with obesity

Question 8

Give the stats for each:

1. Workplace discrimination is __x more likely if you are overweight, __x more likely if you are obese, ___x more likely if you are extremely obese
2. obese men make __% less than non obese, obese women make __% less than non obese women

Answer 8

1. Workplace discrimination is 12x more likely if you are overweight, 30x more likely if you are obese, 100x more likely if you are extremely obese
2. obese men make 3% less than non obese, obese women make 6% less than non obese women

Question 9

give the stats for children with obesity:
1. __ in __ children are in the overweight/obese categories

2. __ in __ children in Canada currently live with obesity

Answer 9

1. 1 in 3 children are in the overweight/obese categories

2. 1 in 7 children in Canada currently live with obesity

Question 10

Why is it important to prevent obesity early in childhood?

Answer 10

obesity can actually track into adulthood. This is why it is important to offer guidance and support to children in order to prevent it from occurring early. important to INTERVENE

Question 11

1. What is the socioecological model?

2. List the factors in the model

Answer 11

1. The socioecological model can be used to show the many complex factors that all contribute to childhood obesity–> demonstrates that obesity has many causes
2. • child = age/sex
   • parents = parenting style/home environment
   • extended family and peers = access to social networks and support systems
   • neighbourhoods= safety and walkability
   • school = quality of lunch and physed programs
   • community = recreation facilities/opportunities
   • national policies = how food/beverage companies market to children

Question 12

what are the 3 p’s in food product marketing?

Answer 12

powerful, pernicious and predatory

Question 13

true or false: obese children have the metabolic characteristics of an obese 45 year old because of elevated insulin, risk of diabetes, blood lipids disturbed

Answer 13

false: obese children have the metabolic characteristics of an obese 25 year old because of elevated insulin, risk of diabetes, blood lipids disturbed

Question 14

how does WHO describe health intervention?

Answer 14

health intervention is an act performed with or on behalf of a person or population whose purpose is to assess, improve, maintain, promote or modify health, functioning or health conditions

Question 15

1. what is CHAMP?
2. what was the purpose of the research?
3. what were the objectives of the program

Answer 15

1. CHAMP = children’s health and activity modification program; a family focused, community based lifestyle intervention for children with obesity and their families
2. to develop, implement, and assess the effectiveness of a 4 week lifestyle intervention for children with obesity and their families
3. • to increase physical activity
     - to improve physiological and psychological outcomes
     - to improve dietary patterns and self efficacy

Question 16

what is the group dynamics theory?

Answer 16

suggests that people change their behaviours when they have social support and when they engage in group based activities

Question 17

what were the results of CHAMP for the children involved?

Answer 17

• increase in physical activity and self efficacy
• increase in muscle mass and decrease in body percentage
  increase in children’s self reported physical, social and emotional quality of life
• increase in parents perceptions of their child’s physical, social and emotional quality of life

Question 18

what were some suggestions for improvement at CHAMP focus groups?

Answer 18

• parents wanted more involvement themselves
• parents wanted more child involvement
• parents found it challenging to communicate with children about their weight and health behaviours and expressed a need for practical tools and strategies

Question 19

explain the divisions of the human body in terms of fat free and body fat

Answer 19

fat free = non-fat tissues like bone, water, muscle, connective tissue, organs, teeth

body fat=

1. subcutaneous fat: located beneath the skin, protective of diseases, makes up 80% of body
2. visceral fat: embedded within the mesentery tissue that connects the intestines to the back of the abdominal wall; linked to cardiovascular disease and a host of other diseases
3. ectopic fat: located on or within organs like the liver, heart, brain; increases risk of metabolic syndrome, heart disease, stroke

Question 20

1 kg of body fat = ___ calories

Answer 20

1 kg of body fat = 2000 calories

Question 21

what is more important for health? total weight or percent body fat?

Answer 21

percent body fat is more important

Question 22

1. what is energy balance?
2. what happens when there’s a positive energy balance?
3. what happens when there’s a negative energy balance?

Answer 22

1. energy balance = ratio of fat to fat free mass; you want energy in to equal energy out to maintain current weight
2. positive energy balance = more calories daily than your body burns (weight gain)
3. negative energy balance = fewer calories daily than your body burns (weight loss)

Question 23

1. what is BMI?
2. fill in the blanks:
   BMI = body weight (__) / ___ squared (__)

BMI above __ is overweight, ___ is obese, below ___ is underweight

Answer 23

1. BMI: says that weight should be proportional to height
2. BMI = body weight (kg) / height squared (m)

BMI above 25 is overweight, 30-40+ is obese, below 18.5 is underweight

Question 24

1. what is hydrostatic weighing and bod pod?
2. what are skinfold measurements?
3. what are circumference measures?
4. what is electrical impedance analysis?
5. what are some examples of scanning procedures?

Answer 24

1. person is weighed underwater
2. measures thickness of fat under skin
3. waist to hip ratio/waist circumference used to measure abdominal obesity
   waist circumference = top of hip bone and lowest rib at the navel or midsection’s narrowest point
   waist to hip = waist and hip diameters and dividing waist by hip
4. electrodes attached to body and electrical current passed through
5. CT, MRI

Question 25

1. obesity reduces lifespan by __ years

2. __ in __ premature deaths aged 20-64 is from obesity

Answer 25

1. obesity reduces lifespan by 14 years

2. 1 in 10 premature deaths aged 20-64 is from obesity

Question 26

which is not liked to obesity:

a) complications with pregnancy
b) urine leakage
c) faster metabolism
d) skin problems

Answer 26

c)

Question 27

what is diabetes?

Answer 27

the pancreas normally makes insulin which stimulates cells to take up glucose to produce energy
in diabetes, this doesn’t happen and there is a build up of glucose in the bloodstream

Question 28

what is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 28

pancreas produces little or no insulin b/c the immune system destroys insulin producing cells in the pancreas
so daily doses of insulin are required

Question 29

what is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 29

the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or there are cells that are resistant to insulin
can take medication to increase insulin production

Question 30

what are pre-diabetes?

Answer 30

when people have a higher than normal blood glucose level but not high enough to be called type 2

Question 31

fill in the blanks:
1. type 1 diabetes is before the age of __ is 3-5%, onset is __-__ years of age

2. type 2 diabetes is over the age of __ but also in children
3. gestational is in __% of women who give birth

Answer 31

1. type 1 diabetes is before the age of 30 is 3-5%, onset is 10-14 years of age
2. type 2 diabetes is over the age of 40 but also in children
3. gestational is in 5.5% of women who give birth

Question 32

what are the 5 factors contributing to excess body fat?

Answer 32

1. Genetics
2. physiological
3. fat calls
4. lifestyle
5. psychosocial

Question 33

fill in the blanks:
1. foods ___ in energy density have more volume and bulk –> weight is ____ but __ in calories

2. foods ___ in energy density have less volume and bulk –> weight is ___ but ___ in calories

Answer 33

1. foods low in energy density have more volume and bulk –> weight is heavy but low in calories
2. foods high in energy density have less volume and bulk –> weight is light but high in calories

Question 34

when should you accept diet books?

Answer 34

accept diet books that advocate a balanced approach to diet along with exercise and sound nutrition advice

Question 35

1. what is anorexia nervosa?
2. anorexia nervosa affects __% of Americans, __% are females
3. What are the health risks of anorexia nervosa?

Answer 35

1. not eating enough food
2. anorexia nervosa affects 1% of Americans, 90% are females
3. menstruating problems, low blood pressure, dry skin, death

Question 36

1. what is bulimia?

2. what are the health risks?

Answer 36

1. recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging

2. induced vomiting erodes tooth enamel, liver and kidney damage, rupture of the stomach

Question 37

__% of Canadians have binge eating disorders

Answer 37

2%