Chapter 4: Water and its Management Flashcards

1
Q

Distribution of water

A

Oceans
Freshwater =
ice caps and glaciers
lakes and rivers
groundwater
atmosphere
surface water

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2
Q

Water cycle

A

Evaporation
Transpiration
Condensation
Precipitation
Interception
Surface run off
Infiltration
Percolation
Groundwater flow

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3
Q

Sources of fresh water

A

Aquifers
Wells
Rivers
Reservoirs
Desalination plants

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4
Q

Where is water held in groundwater and how is it extracted?

A

Artesian wells
Aquifers
Porous Permeable
Lose structure and large air gaps
Drill pipe underground
Pumping system

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5
Q

What is Groundwater depletion

A

Water pumped faster than replenished

Water table drops
Salinity contamination
Wells dry up
Land subsidence
Increased cost and energy
Economic losses as cost > profit
Overconsumption
Droughts
Deeper wells

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6
Q

Types of Surface water

A

Streams
Lakes
Rivers
Natural springs

Reservoirs
Dams
Back flow of rivers

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7
Q

Explain the 2 types of Desalination

A

Remove dissolved salt water from seawater/ brackish water from river estuaries
Treat sewage water to make potable
Expensive
High energy and construction

distillation: water boiled and released as vapour leaving salt behind
reverse osmosis: pump water at high pressure through fine membrane

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8
Q

What is fresh water used for

A

Domestic
Agricultural
Industrial

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9
Q

What does fresh water usage depend on?

A

Level of economic development

LEDCs
most in agriculture (subsistence or commercial)
wasted water (inefficient irrigation)
small manufacturing, less demand for water
collect water from wells
lack of electricity needed

MEDCs
most in industrial and domestic
intensive farming (machines and technology)
less waste of water
industries require lots of water
high living standards

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10
Q

Water availability

A

Water rich and water poor regions
Physical water shortage = reserves exploited with high demand
Economic water shortage = people have insufficient water even though region has adequate water reserves
Conflicts when ownership and use disputed

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11
Q

Water quality

A

Potable water treated so no contamination and harmful bacteria
Non potable water extracted directly from wells etc contaminated by faeces and bacteria causing diseases and diarrhoea

Lack of access to safe water
Unsanitary facilities
Drinking water contaminated by human faeces

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12
Q

What is a dam

A

barrier across river to control flow of water
creates a reservoir upstream, artificial body of water

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13
Q

Uses of dams

A

irrigate crops
employment
renewable energy
domestic and industrial
navigation
protect from flooding
storing surplus water
protect from drought

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14
Q

Choice of site of dam

A

no earthquake or earth movements, stable
no faults or joints
hard rocks, granite
impermeable non porous
narrow cross section
less surface area
close to consumed area
sufficient annual rainfall
streams or rivers to supply to reservoir
materials available locally
avoid historical, ecological, cultural sites
avoid habitats of endangered species

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15
Q

Impacts of dams

A

Environmental:
eutrophication
habitat destruction
destruction of migration patterns
waterborne diseases

Economic:
development, improve quality of life
facilities and job opportunities
electricity
potable water
irrigation supply

Social:
resettlement
displaced people
diseases

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16
Q

Sources of water pollution

A

Domestic waste
Industrial processes
Agricultural processes

17
Q

How does Domestic waste pollute water

A

sewage from urban or rural areas
untreated, not purified
contaminated by faeces spread pathogens
detergents damage gills of fish and mucus layers protecting fish from bacteria

18
Q

Types and impact of industrial processes

A

mining
transport of minerals
energy
manufacture raw materials

toxic chemicals
acid rainfall

19
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Industries burn fossil fuels
Suffer dioxide + nitrous oxide
Combine with water droplets
Form sulfuric acid and nitric acid
Increased acidity

20
Q

Impacts of acid rain

A

damage waxy layer of plants
browning
dieback of foliage
leaches aluminium from soil to lakes
fish eggs can’t hatch
acidic food for animals
aquatic animals die
reduced biodiversity as species and lots die

21
Q

Agricultural practices effect on water pollution

A

leakage
drainage of animal waste
run off of fertilisers
contaminated water for irrigation
poorly ploughed fields
sedimentation
soil erosion
stagnation and deoxygenation
antibiotics excreted
eutrophication
bioaccumulation

22
Q

Impact of pollution

A

global inequalities in sewage water treatment
risk of infectious bacterial diseases
accumulation in lakes and rivers
bioaccumulation in food chains
acid rain
eutrophication

23
Q

global inequalities in sewage and water treatment

A

LEDCs
water polluted with faeces
inadequate sanitation services
greater income = investments to improve sanitation and treatment

24
Q

Managing pollution of fresh water

A

improved sanitation
treatment of sewage
pollution control and legislation

25
How do you improve sanitation
build latrines improve access to toilets compost faecal sludge to fertiliser safely empty toilets LEDCs = rely on local resources, inexpensive and sustainable measures
26
Importance of sanitation
saves lives life expectancy child health economic development reduced healthcare costs less illness workplace productivity
27
Water pollution control and legislation
Permits from Environmental Agency restricts how farmers use nitrate fertilisers agricultural fuel oil regulation storing silage and slurry building sewage treatment plants
28
Life cycle of malaria parasite
Anopheles mosquito bites already infected human gets nutrition and plasmodium parasite from blood feeds on next human while sucking blood for nutrients, inserts liquid to prevent blood clotting which contains parasite parasite enters blood stream goes to liver where it develops invades RBCs multiplies infected blood cells burst at intervals releases more parasites
29
Strategies to control malaria
antimalarial drugs = prophylaxis genetic mutations in mosquitoes counterfeit drug treatment expensive vector control insecticide treated mosquito nets over beds spray homes with insecticide expensive to replace eradication
30
Effects of malaria
fever chills sweating anaemia = weakness and fatigue cerebral malaria brain damage and coma = blood vessels in brain get blocked
31
Why is it difficult to fight malaria
infected humans do not show symptoms unaffordable equipment to LEDCs mosquitoes develop resistance expensive investment mass release of genetically modified anopheles mosquitoes (resistant to malaria parasite) infected people transport malaria parasite
32
Cholera
consume water or food, cooking with contaminated water contaminated by bacteria Vibrio Cholera faeces of contaminated person in water small intestine diarrhoea dehydration, drop in blood pressure
33
Control cholera
potable water supply boiling and chlorination cholera vaccination oral rehydration = salt and glucose in purified water antibiotics