Chapter 4: Water and its Management

Question 1

Distribution of water

Answer 1

Oceans
Freshwater =
ice caps and glaciers
lakes and rivers
groundwater
atmosphere
surface water

Question 2

Water cycle

Answer 2

Evaporation
Transpiration
Condensation
Precipitation
Interception
Surface run off
Infiltration
Percolation
Groundwater flow

Question 3

Sources of fresh water

Answer 3

Aquifers
Wells
Rivers
Reservoirs
Desalination plants

Question 4

Where is water held in groundwater and how is it extracted?

Answer 4

Artesian wells
Aquifers
Porous Permeable
Lose structure and large air gaps
Drill pipe underground
Pumping system

Question 5

What is Groundwater depletion

Answer 5

Water pumped faster than replenished

Water table drops
Salinity contamination
Wells dry up
Land subsidence
Increased cost and energy
Economic losses as cost > profit
Overconsumption
Droughts
Deeper wells

Question 6

Types of Surface water

Answer 6

Streams
Lakes
Rivers
Natural springs

Reservoirs
Dams
Back flow of rivers

Question 7

Explain the 2 types of Desalination

Answer 7

Remove dissolved salt water from seawater/ brackish water from river estuaries
Treat sewage water to make potable
Expensive
High energy and construction

distillation: water boiled and released as vapour leaving salt behind
reverse osmosis: pump water at high pressure through fine membrane

Question 8

What is fresh water used for

Answer 8

Domestic
Agricultural
Industrial

Question 9

What does fresh water usage depend on?

Answer 9

Level of economic development

LEDCs
most in agriculture (subsistence or commercial)
wasted water (inefficient irrigation)
small manufacturing, less demand for water
collect water from wells
lack of electricity needed

MEDCs
most in industrial and domestic
intensive farming (machines and technology)
less waste of water
industries require lots of water
high living standards

Question 10

Water availability

Answer 10

Water rich and water poor regions
Physical water shortage = reserves exploited with high demand
Economic water shortage = people have insufficient water even though region has adequate water reserves
Conflicts when ownership and use disputed

Question 11

Water quality

Answer 11

Potable water treated so no contamination and harmful bacteria
Non potable water extracted directly from wells etc contaminated by faeces and bacteria causing diseases and diarrhoea

Lack of access to safe water
Unsanitary facilities
Drinking water contaminated by human faeces

Question 12

What is a dam

Answer 12

barrier across river to control flow of water
creates a reservoir upstream, artificial body of water

Question 13

Uses of dams

Answer 13

irrigate crops
employment
renewable energy
domestic and industrial
navigation
protect from flooding
storing surplus water
protect from drought

Question 14

Choice of site of dam

Answer 14

no earthquake or earth movements, stable
no faults or joints
hard rocks, granite
impermeable non porous
narrow cross section
less surface area
close to consumed area
sufficient annual rainfall
streams or rivers to supply to reservoir
materials available locally
avoid historical, ecological, cultural sites
avoid habitats of endangered species

Question 15

Impacts of dams

Answer 15

Environmental:
eutrophication
habitat destruction
destruction of migration patterns
waterborne diseases

Economic:
development, improve quality of life
facilities and job opportunities
electricity
potable water
irrigation supply

Social:
resettlement
displaced people
diseases

Question 16

Sources of water pollution

Answer 16

Domestic waste
Industrial processes
Agricultural processes

Question 17

How does Domestic waste pollute water

Answer 17

sewage from urban or rural areas
untreated, not purified
contaminated by faeces spread pathogens
detergents damage gills of fish and mucus layers protecting fish from bacteria

Question 18

Types and impact of industrial processes

Answer 18

mining
transport of minerals
energy
manufacture raw materials

toxic chemicals
acid rainfall

Question 19

Acid rain formation

Answer 19

Industries burn fossil fuels
Suffer dioxide + nitrous oxide
Combine with water droplets
Form sulfuric acid and nitric acid
Increased acidity

Question 20

Impacts of acid rain

Answer 20

damage waxy layer of plants
browning
dieback of foliage
leaches aluminium from soil to lakes
fish eggs can’t hatch
acidic food for animals
aquatic animals die
reduced biodiversity as species and lots die

Question 21

Agricultural practices effect on water pollution

Answer 21

leakage
drainage of animal waste
run off of fertilisers
contaminated water for irrigation
poorly ploughed fields
sedimentation
soil erosion
stagnation and deoxygenation
antibiotics excreted
eutrophication
bioaccumulation

Question 22

Impact of pollution

Answer 22

global inequalities in sewage water treatment
risk of infectious bacterial diseases
accumulation in lakes and rivers
bioaccumulation in food chains
acid rain
eutrophication

Question 23

global inequalities in sewage and water treatment

Answer 23

LEDCs
water polluted with faeces
inadequate sanitation services
greater income = investments to improve sanitation and treatment

Question 24

Managing pollution of fresh water

Answer 24

improved sanitation
treatment of sewage
pollution control and legislation

Question 25

How do you improve sanitation

Answer 25

build latrines improve access to toilets compost faecal sludge to fertiliser safely empty toilets LEDCs = rely on local resources, inexpensive and sustainable measures

Question 26

Importance of sanitation

Answer 26

saves lives life expectancy child health economic development reduced healthcare costs less illness workplace productivity

Question 27

Water pollution control and legislation

Answer 27

Permits from Environmental Agency restricts how farmers use nitrate fertilisers agricultural fuel oil regulation storing silage and slurry building sewage treatment plants

Question 28

Life cycle of malaria parasite

Answer 28

Anopheles mosquito bites already infected human gets nutrition and plasmodium parasite from blood feeds on next human while sucking blood for nutrients, inserts liquid to prevent blood clotting which contains parasite parasite enters blood stream goes to liver where it develops invades RBCs multiplies infected blood cells burst at intervals releases more parasites

Question 29

Strategies to control malaria

Answer 29

antimalarial drugs = prophylaxis genetic mutations in mosquitoes counterfeit drug treatment expensive vector control insecticide treated mosquito nets over beds spray homes with insecticide expensive to replace eradication

Question 30

Effects of malaria

Answer 30

fever chills sweating anaemia = weakness and fatigue cerebral malaria brain damage and coma = blood vessels in brain get blocked

Question 31

Why is it difficult to fight malaria

Answer 31

infected humans do not show symptoms unaffordable equipment to LEDCs mosquitoes develop resistance expensive investment mass release of genetically modified anopheles mosquitoes (resistant to malaria parasite) infected people transport malaria parasite

Question 32

Cholera

Answer 32

consume water or food, cooking with contaminated water contaminated by bacteria Vibrio Cholera faeces of contaminated person in water small intestine diarrhoea dehydration, drop in blood pressure

Question 33

Control cholera

Answer 33

potable water supply boiling and chlorination cholera vaccination oral rehydration = salt and glucose in purified water antibiotics