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Environmental Management IGCSE > Chapter 2: Energy and the Environment > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Energy and the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

What are fossil fuels?

A

Non renewable
Coal, oil, natural gas
Burnt to give energy
Releases CO2 (pollution)
Hydrocarbons

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2
Q

Formation of coal

A

Carboniferous period
In swamps containing sea water with sulfer
Decomposing vegetation buried under layers of sediment as sea levels change
No oxygen
Pressure and temperature increases to cook matter
Peat is formed = partially decomposed vegetation
Peat compressed and heated to lignite = contains more carbon and decayed wood
Increased temperature pressure and time
Sub bituminous (industrial) and bituminous coal formed
Anthracite formed = hardest and most carbon, most energy emitted, rarest
acid rain if sulfer dioxide mixes with rainwater

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3
Q

Formation of Oil and Natural gas

A

Plankton fell to bottom of sea
Buried in layers of mud
Lack of oxygen so not decayed completely
Accumulated in mud with organic matter
Pressure, time and temperature
Organic matter to oil
High temperature break down matter to hydrocarbons forms oil and natural gas in source rock
Oil and gas less dense than water so rise up through porous rocks

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4
Q

Oil and natural gas extraction

A

Permeable rock
Covered by cap rock of impermeable rock
Collects in reservoirs
Sound waves to identify shape of rocks then exploration drilling rigs
Oil and gas are hydraulically fractured from shale rocks

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5
Q

Ways oil is trapped

A

Anticlinal trap
Fault trap
Salt dome flank
Stratigraphic trap

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6
Q

Non renewable sources

A

Fossil fuels
Nuclear power using uranium

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7
Q

Renewable sources

A

Biofuels (bioethanol, biogas, wood)
Geothermal power
Hydroelectric power
Tidal power
Wave power
Solar power
Wind power

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8
Q

Thermal power generation and efficiency

A

Water heated in boiler to produce steam
Steam turns turbine
Turbine drives generator
Generator produces electricity
Electricity distributed to homes and industries

Maximise efficiency- use exhaust gas to turn turbines, waste heat to turn water to steam

(nuclear, fossil fuels, geothermal, biofuel)

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9
Q

Oil and natural gas to generate electricity

A

burnt in thermal power stations

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10
Q

Coal to generate electricity

A

Burnt in thermal power stations

mill the coal to create fine powder, burns quicker at high temperatures

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11
Q

Nuclear power to generate electricity

A

controlled nuclear fission
neutron splits uranium atom
release heat energy
heats water
thermal power stations

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12
Q

Wind power to generate electricity

A

wind turns turbines
turbines drive generator
generator produces electricity

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13
Q

Wave power and tidal power to generate electricity and types

A

Nearshore wave power: wave energy
Offshore wave power: wave movement in deep water
Tidal stream power: turbines harness tide
Tidal range power: trap high tide behind barrage, released

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14
Q

Solar power to generate electricity

A

photovoltaic cells or solar panels
parabolic mirrors to focus solar energy at top of tower filled with fluid

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15
Q

Geothermal power to generate electricity

A

drill boreholes
pump cold water to rocks underground
high pressure and temperature heats water
heated water comes to surface
converts to steam
turns turbines drives generator

efficiency- cools steam to condense to water
injected back to ground

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16
Q

Hydro electric power to generate electricity

A

power of moving water to turn turbines
building dams for reservoir store
building run of river systems- change in height as moves downstream (kinetic energy)

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17
Q

Types of Biofuels to generate electricity

A

Bioethenol- plant matter fermented
Biogas- decomposition of organic matter from plant waste, landfills, sewage waste
Biomass- wood is burnt

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18
Q

Oil and natural gas advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
high in demand
provides job opportunities

Social:
refined to many products so useful

Environmental:
natural gas produces less co2 emissions
finite non renewable
releases CO2
oil spills

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19
Q

Coal advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
produces high amount of energy and easy to burn
abundant
export is good for economy

Social:
coal is affordable energy source
mining leads to health problems

Environmental:
finite non renewable
releases greenhouse gases
coal mining affects landscape and wildlife
transporting coal leads to pollution

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20
Q

Nuclear power advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
expensive to build

Social:
job opportunities in design, construction, etc

Environmental:
finite resources so will run out
mining and transportation causes pollution
toxic radioactive waste
nuclear accidents (Chernobyl)

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21
Q

Wind power advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
cheap to operate
reduces reliance on fossil fuels
no wind no power

Social:
no emissions so benefits health
expensive

Environmental:
clean renewable energy source

22
Q

Wave and tidal power advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
expensive

Social:
jobs opportunities
visual impact on coast

Environmental:
clean renewable energy
intermittent
reduce carbon emissions
disrupt marine life

23
Q

Solar power advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
easy to maintain
expensive to set up
varying solar potentials

Social:
no noise pollution

Environmental:
renewable clean energy
intermittent

24
Q

Geothermal power advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
high installation costs

Social:
drilling causes noise pollution
cheaper electricity

Environmental:
renewable energy
reduces reliance on fossil fuels

25
Q

Hydroelectric power advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
stores water for future high demands
expensive to build and maintain

Social:
dam is multipurpose- flood control, water supplies, irrigation, leisure, recreation, tourism
flood large areas
conflict between countries if cross borders

Environmental:
renewable energy
no pollution or greenhouse gases
disrupt river ecosystems

26
Q

Biofuels advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
biogas from waste so cheap

Social:
increased food prices

Environmental:
biomass cheap and renewable
burning releases co2

27
Q

General advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
cheap
difficult to maintain and build
expensive

Social:
noise pollution
conflicts
job opportunities

Environmental:
renewable clean energy
not dependant on fossil fuels
finite non renewable
co2 released
intermittent so unreliable

28
Q

Factors affecting energy demand

A

domestic demand
industrial demand
transport
personal and national wealth
climate

caused by global population growth and increased consumption of products

29
Q

Domestic impact on energy demand

A

heating
cooling
water heating
running appliances
lighting
electronics

level of income increases so energy consumption increases as able to buy more products

30
Q

Industrial impact on energy demand

A

iron and steel
chemicals
metals
paper
food
machinery

increased income and demand increases production of consumer products

31
Q

Transport impact on energy demand

A

shipping
passenger vehicles
air travel
railway

32
Q

Personal and national wealth impact on energy demand

A

increased levels of personal wealth so increase demand for energy for consumer products and goods
larger houses need more energy

increased levels in national wealth so increased consumption of energy
more power stations and infrastructure consume more energy

33
Q

Climate impact on energy demand

A

long periods of cold weather need more heat energy consumed
hot regions need more energy for air conditioning and fans

34
Q

Conservation and management of energy resources

A

change energy mix
reduce consumption
government policy
research and development

35
Q

Changing energy mix to conserve energy

A

move to renewable energy sources so reduced demand for non renewable sources
investment required
fossil fuels cheaper and easier to use but will not last forever
incentives by government to install renewable sources at home

36
Q

Reducing consumption to conserve energy

A

Houses-
energy efficient technology
reduce lighting or led lights
switching off electrical devices when not in use

Education-
teach strategies to reduce consumption and changing their behaviour

Vehicles-
increase fuel efficiency
cars out of lighter material
increase tax of polluting vehicles
biofuels- bioethanol and biodiesel
electric and hybrid vehicles

37
Q

Government policy to conserve energy

A

congestion charge
cheap public transportation
variable tax rate for personal vehicles

38
Q

Research and development to conserve energy

A

oil from tar sands
fracking
water oil production
solar panels
new technology for extracting oils

39
Q

Fracking

A

hydraulic fracturing of oil rich shale rocks
high pressure chemicals and fluid injected into wells
shale rocks fracture and release hydrocarbons to surface

40
Q

Causes of oil pollution

A

offshore oil extraction
pipelines
shipping

41
Q

Offshore oil extraction causing oil pollution

A

safety valves fail
outdated and poorly maintained equipment causes leaks
transferred to ships
winds or hurricanes

42
Q

Pipelines causing oil pollution

A

leak due to
corrosion
metal fatigue
human error in construction

accidental collisions
conflicts so attacked

43
Q

Shipping causing oil pollution

A

maritime accidents
weather
metal fatigue
navigation errors
collisions

44
Q

Impact of oil spills

A

birds
marine mammals
coral reefs
beaches

45
Q

Impact of oil spills on Birds

A

eye irritation
population decline
starvation
poisoned when swallowed oil

46
Q

Impact of oil spills on Marine mammals

A

choking
skin or eye irritation
chemical burns
food sources toxic

47
Q

Impact of oil spills on Beaches

A

reduced tourism
poison in food chains due to accumulation
plants and grasses killed
rocks coated with oil

48
Q

Impact of oil spills on Coral reefs

A

coral bleaching
coral death
reduced photosynthesis
reduced fish populations

49
Q

Management of oil pollution

A

MARPOL
double hulled oil tankers
dealing with oil spills

50
Q

What is MARPOL

A

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
bans ships releasing oil waste from engine or tanks into sea
GPS trackers to report oil release
GPS trackers for navigation, reduces collisions

51
Q

How does Double hulled oil tankers manage oil pollution

A

protect cargo in event of collision
ban carrying oil in front of ship (high risk of collision)

52
Q

Dealing with oil spills

A

Booms - temporary floating barriers prevent oil spreading
Chemical dispersants and biological agents- break down oil and biodegrade
Skimmers - boats which skim through spilt oil from surface of water
Sorbents - peat moss absorb oil
Controlled burning - burn freshly spilt oil
High pressure hoses - wash oil off beaches
Vacuum trucks - remove spilled oil

Environmental Management IGCSE (10 decks)

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