Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Environmental Management IGCSE > Chapter 2: Energy and the Environment > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Energy and the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

What are fossil fuels?

A

Non renewable
Coal, oil, natural gas
Burnt to give energy
Releases CO2 (pollution)
Hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Formation of coal

A

Carboniferous period
In swamps containing sea water with sulfer
Decomposing vegetation buried under layers of sediment as sea levels change
No oxygen
Pressure and temperature increases to cook matter
Peat is formed = partially decomposed vegetation
Peat compressed and heated to lignite = contains more carbon and decayed wood
Increased temperature pressure and time
Sub bituminous (industrial) and bituminous coal formed
Anthracite formed = hardest and most carbon, most energy emitted, rarest
acid rain if sulfer dioxide mixes with rainwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Formation of Oil and Natural gas

A

Plankton fell to bottom of sea
Buried in layers of mud
Lack of oxygen so not decayed completely
Accumulated in mud with organic matter
Pressure, time and temperature
Organic matter to oil
High temperature break down matter to hydrocarbons forms oil and natural gas in source rock
Oil and gas less dense than water so rise up through porous rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Oil and natural gas extraction

A

Permeable rock
Covered by cap rock of impermeable rock
Collects in reservoirs
Sound waves to identify shape of rocks then exploration drilling rigs
Oil and gas are hydraulically fractured from shale rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ways oil is trapped

A

Anticlinal trap
Fault trap
Salt dome flank
Stratigraphic trap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Non renewable sources

A

Fossil fuels
Nuclear power using uranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Renewable sources

A

Biofuels (bioethanol, biogas, wood)
Geothermal power
Hydroelectric power
Tidal power
Wave power
Solar power
Wind power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thermal power generation and efficiency

A

Water heated in boiler to produce steam
Steam turns turbine
Turbine drives generator
Generator produces electricity
Electricity distributed to homes and industries

Maximise efficiency- use exhaust gas to turn turbines, waste heat to turn water to steam

(nuclear, fossil fuels, geothermal, biofuel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oil and natural gas to generate electricity

A

burnt in thermal power stations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Coal to generate electricity

A

Burnt in thermal power stations

mill the coal to create fine powder, burns quicker at high temperatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nuclear power to generate electricity

A

controlled nuclear fission
neutron splits uranium atom
release heat energy
heats water
thermal power stations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Wind power to generate electricity

A

wind turns turbines
turbines drive generator
generator produces electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Wave power and tidal power to generate electricity and types

A

Nearshore wave power: wave energy
Offshore wave power: wave movement in deep water
Tidal stream power: turbines harness tide
Tidal range power: trap high tide behind barrage, released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Solar power to generate electricity

A

photovoltaic cells or solar panels
parabolic mirrors to focus solar energy at top of tower filled with fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Geothermal power to generate electricity

A

drill boreholes
pump cold water to rocks underground
high pressure and temperature heats water
heated water comes to surface
converts to steam
turns turbines drives generator

efficiency- cools steam to condense to water
injected back to ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydro electric power to generate electricity

A

power of moving water to turn turbines
building dams for reservoir store
building run of river systems- change in height as moves downstream (kinetic energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types of Biofuels to generate electricity

A

Bioethenol- plant matter fermented
Biogas- decomposition of organic matter from plant waste, landfills, sewage waste
Biomass- wood is burnt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Oil and natural gas advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
high in demand
provides job opportunities

Social:
refined to many products so useful

Environmental:
natural gas produces less co2 emissions
finite non renewable
releases CO2
oil spills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Coal advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
produces high amount of energy and easy to burn
abundant
export is good for economy

Social:
coal is affordable energy source
mining leads to health problems

Environmental:
finite non renewable
releases greenhouse gases
coal mining affects landscape and wildlife
transporting coal leads to pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nuclear power advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
expensive to build

Social:
job opportunities in design, construction, etc

Environmental:
finite resources so will run out
mining and transportation causes pollution
toxic radioactive waste
nuclear accidents (Chernobyl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Wind power advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
cheap to operate
reduces reliance on fossil fuels
no wind no power

Social:
no emissions so benefits health
expensive

Environmental:
clean renewable energy source

22
Q

Wave and tidal power advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
expensive

Social:
jobs opportunities
visual impact on coast

Environmental:
clean renewable energy
intermittent
reduce carbon emissions
disrupt marine life

23
Q

Solar power advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
easy to maintain
expensive to set up
varying solar potentials

Social:
no noise pollution

Environmental:
renewable clean energy
intermittent

24
Q

Geothermal power advantages and disadvantages

A

Economic:
high installation costs

Social:
drilling causes noise pollution
cheaper electricity

Environmental:
renewable energy
reduces reliance on fossil fuels

25
Hydroelectric power advantages and disadvantages
Economic: stores water for future high demands expensive to build and maintain Social: dam is multipurpose- flood control, water supplies, irrigation, leisure, recreation, tourism flood large areas conflict between countries if cross borders Environmental: renewable energy no pollution or greenhouse gases disrupt river ecosystems
26
Biofuels advantages and disadvantages
Economic: biogas from waste so cheap Social: increased food prices Environmental: biomass cheap and renewable burning releases co2
27
General advantages and disadvantages
Economic: cheap difficult to maintain and build expensive Social: noise pollution conflicts job opportunities Environmental: renewable clean energy not dependant on fossil fuels finite non renewable co2 released intermittent so unreliable
28
Factors affecting energy demand
domestic demand industrial demand transport personal and national wealth climate caused by global population growth and increased consumption of products
29
Domestic impact on energy demand
heating cooling water heating running appliances lighting electronics level of income increases so energy consumption increases as able to buy more products
30
Industrial impact on energy demand
iron and steel chemicals metals paper food machinery increased income and demand increases production of consumer products
31
Transport impact on energy demand
shipping passenger vehicles air travel railway
32
Personal and national wealth impact on energy demand
increased levels of personal wealth so increase demand for energy for consumer products and goods larger houses need more energy increased levels in national wealth so increased consumption of energy more power stations and infrastructure consume more energy
33
Climate impact on energy demand
long periods of cold weather need more heat energy consumed hot regions need more energy for air conditioning and fans
34
Conservation and management of energy resources
change energy mix reduce consumption government policy research and development
35
Changing energy mix to conserve energy
move to renewable energy sources so reduced demand for non renewable sources investment required fossil fuels cheaper and easier to use but will not last forever incentives by government to install renewable sources at home
36
Reducing consumption to conserve energy
Houses- energy efficient technology reduce lighting or led lights switching off electrical devices when not in use Education- teach strategies to reduce consumption and changing their behaviour Vehicles- increase fuel efficiency cars out of lighter material increase tax of polluting vehicles biofuels- bioethanol and biodiesel electric and hybrid vehicles
37
Government policy to conserve energy
congestion charge cheap public transportation variable tax rate for personal vehicles
38
Research and development to conserve energy
oil from tar sands fracking water oil production solar panels new technology for extracting oils
39
Fracking
hydraulic fracturing of oil rich shale rocks high pressure chemicals and fluid injected into wells shale rocks fracture and release hydrocarbons to surface
40
Causes of oil pollution
offshore oil extraction pipelines shipping
41
Offshore oil extraction causing oil pollution
safety valves fail outdated and poorly maintained equipment causes leaks transferred to ships winds or hurricanes
42
Pipelines causing oil pollution
leak due to corrosion metal fatigue human error in construction accidental collisions conflicts so attacked
43
Shipping causing oil pollution
maritime accidents weather metal fatigue navigation errors collisions
44
Impact of oil spills
birds marine mammals coral reefs beaches
45
Impact of oil spills on Birds
eye irritation population decline starvation poisoned when swallowed oil
46
Impact of oil spills on Marine mammals
choking skin or eye irritation chemical burns food sources toxic
47
Impact of oil spills on Beaches
reduced tourism poison in food chains due to accumulation plants and grasses killed rocks coated with oil
48
Impact of oil spills on Coral reefs
coral bleaching coral death reduced photosynthesis reduced fish populations
49
Management of oil pollution
MARPOL double hulled oil tankers dealing with oil spills
50
What is MARPOL
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships bans ships releasing oil waste from engine or tanks into sea GPS trackers to report oil release GPS trackers for navigation, reduces collisions
51
How does Double hulled oil tankers manage oil pollution
protect cargo in event of collision ban carrying oil in front of ship (high risk of collision)
52
Dealing with oil spills
**Booms** - temporary floating barriers prevent oil spreading **Chemical dispersants and biological agents**- break down oil and biodegrade **Skimmers** - boats which skim through spilt oil from surface of water Sorbents - peat moss absorb oil Controlled burning - burn freshly spilt oil High pressure hoses - wash oil off beaches Vacuum trucks - remove spilled oil

Environmental Management IGCSE (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions