Chapter 3: Agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

Soil composition

A

inorganic mineral particles
organic content
air (rich in CO2)
water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define humus

A

organic matter of living plants, animals and microorganisms and their decaying remains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clay

A

less than 0.002 mm
tiny spaces
greatest water holding capacity
smallest particles
drains slowly
takes longer to warm up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Silt

A

between 0.002 and 0.05 mm
well drained
holds more moisture
easily wet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sand

A

between 0.05 and 2 mm
water drains easily
warms up quickly
dries easily
prone to become acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define leaching

A

rain washes away plant nutrients so soil becomes infertile and acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Loam

A

mixture of clay silt sand
well drained
fertile
easily cultivated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Soils are a medium for plant growth

A

mineral ions
organic content
pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mineral ions

A

nitrogen (nitrate ions) - combines with glucose to form amino acids for proteins

phosphorus (phosphate ions) - cell membrane for respiration

potassium - enzymes for photosynthesis

magnesium - manufacturing chlorophyll for photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Organic matter

A

remains of a dead plant or animal decomposed by microorganisms into humus

reservoir for nutrients for absorption by plants
improves water holding capacity of soil
prevents water logging
improve soil structure by binding
prevents soil erosion
increased infiltration prevents drying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pH of soil for agriculture

A

ability of plants to absorb nutrients from mineral ions/ organic matter in soil water

nutrient deficiency as some nutrients aren’t dissolved so no uptake - disproportioned

acidic - phosphorus and magnesium low while metal ions reach toxic levels

alkaline - plant growth restricted as lack of iron, decrease in solubility as high level of calcium and uptake of potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pH of soil over time

A

becomes acidic

rainfall weathers soil- leaches out magnesium
decomposition
burning of fossil fuels causes acid rainfall
chemical based fertilisers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How farmers control pH level

A

increase:
liming
adding ground limestone/ calcium carbonate with magnesium

decrease:
adding large quantities of organic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Differences between sandy and clay soil

A

air content
water content
drainage
ease of cultivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How to make cultivation easier

A

add organic matter

increases nutrient holding capacity
increases ph levels
improves soil structure
improves water holding capacity
improves drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

types of agriculture

A

arable, pastoral, mixed

subsistence, commercial

(techniques) intensive, extensive

17
Q

Increasing agricultural yields (*a)

A

pesticides
controlled environments
irrigation
fertilisers
mechanisation
selective breeding
genetic engineering
rotation

18
Q

Pesticides (alternatives and disadvantages)

A

fungicides - kill fungi attacking plants

herbicides - kills weeds by making them absorb toxins through leaves or roots

insecticides - kills insects attacking plants

ecological impacts
harmful to non pest species
breaks food chain
bioaccumulation of pesticides
immunity and resistance to toxins

labour intensive methods (hand pulling or hoeing, pick insects by hand)
natural pesticides

19
Q

Controlled environments

A

in artificial conditions
water light heat food fertiliser controlled
eg. greenhouse

hydroponics - immerse plant roots into water with minerals and nutrients
no pests weeds or diseases

animal welfare issues

20
Q

Irrigation (*a)

A

artificial supply of water is controlled

sprinkler - hose rotates reduces water logging
in ground - system underground
localised - drops of water reduced evaporation
seepage - water from beneath soil, salinisation
surface - flood, cover area in water evaporation

21
Q

Define water table

A

the level below which the ground is saturated with water

22
Q

Fertilisers

A

to replace lost nutrients in soil
provide optimum conditions

use natural animal manure or compost

eutrophication
global warming
soil acidification
greenhouse gas emissions

23
Q

Mechanisation

A

machines improve efficiency of farms
reduces costs since less labour
intensive farming
satellite imagery and GPS, remote sensing

24
Q

Selective breeding

A

only breeding from animals or plants with desirable traits so they breed to produce offspring with best traits for survival, profit and aesthetics

25
Q

Genetic engineering

A

artificially changing the genetic structure of cells of animals or cross by swapping genes across species
mixing good genes to create highly resistant or preferable species

26
Q

Rotation

A

sequence of changing crop in particular place
provides range of nutrients in soil
less use of pesticides
leguminous crops for nitrogen fixation

27
Q

Impact of agriculture

A

overproduction
overuse of pesticides
overuse of fertilisers
mismanagement of irrigation (water logging and salinisation)
exhaustion of mineral ion content
soil erosion
cash crops replacing food crops

28
Q

Reasons for overproduction

A

Demand in MEDCs not enough due to low population growth - market saturated
damage in quality, pests, disease, weather
cosmetic standards- no blemishes or bruises
wastage by consumers

29
Q

Causes of soil erosion

A

removal of natural vegetation by over cultivation and overgrazing
water and wind erosion

topsoil washed/ blown away
soils depleted of nutrients
soil structure broken down
desertification

30
Q

Impacts of soil erosion

A

loss of habitat
desertification
sitting of rivers (sedimentation)
displacement of people (no farming)
malnutrition and famine

31
Q

What is desertification

A

soil erosion in dry areas
results in water tables dropping and salinisation (contamination by soluble salts) and surface water disappears

32
Q

Managing soil erosion

A

terracing slopes
contour ploughing (furrows/ ridges)
bunds
windbreaks
vegetation cover
cover crops
mixed cropping/ crop rotation

33
Q

vegetation cover

A

planting trees - root systems anchor soil in place, intercepts rainfall so speed of run off decreases, covers crops from wind

add organic matter - manure allows soil to soak up water slowly, resistant to erosion by amalgamation of soil

hedges - grubbing (ploughing) easily accessible by machinery

wind breaks - prevent soil erosion (lines of trees facing wind to reduce its strength)

cover crops - suppress weeds, improve quality of

34
Q

Cropping systems and ploughing techniques

A

type of crop- complement each other for erosion protection, soil fertility, soil structure, minerals (leguminous)

sequence of rotation

intercropping - 2 types of crops in same area

mixed cropping - random crops grown in area

contour ploughing - furrows across not down slopes flowing natural contour of land- level, rainwater soaks into soil, no run off

bunds - slow down seepage of water and soil for greater uptake
made of stones or soils close to slope to even it out

35
Q

How can we do sustainable agriculture?

A

crop rotation
(soil fertility, soil structure, manage pests or diseases, protects soil)
leguminous crops for nitrogen fixation

managed grazing/ livestock rotation
declining yield of milk/ meat
forage restores lose energy reserves, enables it to deepen root systems

organic fertilisers (crop residue or manure)

biocontrol of pests- pest resistant/ gm crops
adapted and crossbred

water use- trickle drip irrigation (evaporation)
rainwater harvesting
low pressure sprinkler systems

36
Q

Define forage

A

crops grown to be eaten
used in arable farms