Chapter 4 Vocab: Body Systems and related conditions Flashcards
Homostasis
Condition in which all of the body’s systems are working their best
Metabolism
physical and chemical processes
Dilate
widen
Constrict
narrow
Anterior/Ventral
Front of the body
Posterior/Dorsal
Back of the body
Superior
toward the head
Inferfior
away from the head
medial
toward the midline of the body
lateral
to the side, away from the midline of the body
proximal
closer to the torso
distal
away from the torso
Musculoskelatal System
Muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage
Integumentary System
skin - largest organ/system in the body
Atrophy
when muscles lose their mass, weakens
contracture
muscle or tendon shortens
Arthritis
inflammation that causes stiffness, pain and decreased joint mobility
inflammation
swelling
autoimmune illness
illness that causes the immune system to attack normal tissue in the body
Rheumatoid arthritis
affects people of any age, joints become red, swollen, and very painful
Osteoartritis - degenerative joint disease (djd)
affects elderly - usually affects weight bearing joints - hips and knees
Osteoporosis
Condition in which bones lose density
Menopause
the end of menstration - women don’t have period for 12 months
Total hip replacements (THR)
Surgical replacement of the head of the long bone of the femur where it joins to the hip
Partial Weight bearing (PWB)
Resident can support some body weight on one or both legs
Non-weight bearing (NWB)
resident is unable to touch the floor or support any weight on one of both legs
Full weight bearing (FWB)
Resident can support 100 of body on lets on a step - can still use crutches or walker
Total knee replacement (TKR)
surgical replacement of the knee with a prosthetic knee - helps to relieve pain or restores motion
Nervous system
Control and message center of the body - brain, spinal chord, and nerves throughout the body
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal chord
Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)
nerves in the outer parts of the body
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or stroke
When the blood supply to your brain is blocked, preventing oxygen to get to the brain
Ischemic stroke
most common type of stroke - the blood supply is blocked
Hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
Hemiphasia
Weakness on one side of the body
expressive aphasia
Trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writting
receptive aphasia
difficulting understanding spoken or written words
emotional lability
inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses - laughing, crying or anger
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Speech impairment
residents who may not speak
Parkinsons disease
progressive, incurable disease, gets worse with time. Causes parts of the brain to degenerate, causes muscles to become stiff. Stooped posture and a shuffling walk
gait
walk
Multiple Sclerosis (S)
progressive disease which affects the central nervous system. The myelin sheath that covers the nerves, spinal cord and white matter of the brain to break down over time
Paraplegia
loss of function over lower body and legs
quadriplegia
Loss of function in legs, trunk and arms
Nervous System
sense organs; eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin
Circulatory System
heart, blood vessels and blood - supplies food, oxygen, and hormons to cells
Hypertension (HTN)
high blood pressue = 130/80 and above
Diuretics
Medications that reduce fluid in the body
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
when blood vessels int he coronary arteries narrow
Angina Pectoris
when the heart muscle is not getting enough O2 - causes chest pain, pressure or discomfort
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Heart attack - when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, oxygen and nutrients fail to reach cells in that area, and muscle cells die
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
When one or both sides of the heart stop pumping blood property
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
disease which the legs, feet, arms or hands do not have enough blood circulation
Respiratory System
taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide - inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
Breathing in oxygen
Expiration
breathing out carbon dioxide
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
trouble breathing over a long period of time: Chronic Bronchitis, and emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
imflammation of the bronchial lining - from cigarette smoking
Emphysema
chronic disease from chronic bronchitis and cigarette smoking
Urinary System
Eliminates waste products from body and maintains water balance within the body 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 uniary bladder, urethra, and a meatus
Urinary Incontinence
inability to control the bladder - results in involuntary urination
Urinary Tract infection (UTI)
bacterial infection of the urethra, bladder, ureter or kidney
Gastrointestional System (GI)
Digestion, absorption, and elimination
Digestions
process of preparing food physically and chemically so it can be absorbed into the cells
Absorption
is the transfer of nutrients to the cells
Elimination
Process of expelling wastes not absorbed intot he cells
Fecal incontinence
inability to control bowels, leading to involuntary passage of stool
Constipation
inability to eliminate stool
Enema
specific amount of water and possible solution that is introduced into the colon to assist with stool elimination
Rectal Suppository
nitroglycerin that is given rectally to soften stool
Fecal Impaction
hard stool that is stuck int he rectum and cannot be expelled
Hemorrhoids
enlarged veins in the rectum
Diarrhea
frequent elimination of liquid or semi-liquid feces
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
when stomach acid and liquid come up from the stomach into the esophagus - causing heartburn
Ostomy
Surgical creation of an opening from an area inside the body
Stoma
the opening of a ostomy
Endocrine System
- Maintains homostasis through hormone secretion
- Influence growth and development
- maintain blood sugar levels
- regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the body
- Resulates the body ability to reproduce
- Determines how fast cells burn food for energy (metabolism)
Diabetes
When pancreas produces too little insulin or does not properly use insulin
Insulin
hormone that works to move glucose from blood and into the cells
Glucose
natural sugar
Pre-diabetes
one a person’s blood glucose levels are above normal, but not high enough to be diabetic
Gestational Diabetes
high sugar levels in pregnant women
Reproductive System
system that allows human beings to reproduce
reproduce
create human life
Gonads
Sex glands
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina
Benign Prostatic Hypertophy (BPH)
disorder common in men over 60, an enlarged prostate - putting pressue on urethra, causing frequent urination
Immune system
protects the body from disease-causin bacteria, viruses and microorganisms
Nonspecific Immunity
protects the body from disease in general
Specific Immunity
protects against a particular disease that is invading the body at any given time
lympatic System
removes excess fluids and waste products from the body’s tissues
Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
attacks the body’s immune systems
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Caused by acquiring the HIV virus through blood or body fluids from an infected person
Cancer
general term used to describe a disease which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way
Tumor
group of abnormally growing cells
Benign
not cancerous
malignant
cancerous
