Chapter 4 Vocab

Question 1

Solute

Answer 1

The substance that dissolves in the solvent.

Question 2

Solvent

Answer 2

The substance in which one or more solutes dissolve.

Question 3

Polar molecule

Answer 3

A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge as a result of its polar bonds and shape.

Question 4

Solvated

Answer 4

Surrounded closely by solvent molecules.

Question 5

Electrolyte

Answer 5

A mixture of ions, in which the electrodes of an electrochemical cell are immersed, that conducts a current.

Question 6

Nonelectrolytes

Answer 6

A substance whose aqueous solution does not conduct an electric current.

Question 7

Concentration

Answer 7

A measure of the quantity of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solution (or of solvent).

Question 8

Molarity (M)

Answer 8

A unit of concentration expressed as the moles of solute dissolved in 1 L of solution.

Question 9

Precipitation reaction

Answer 9

A reaction in which two soluble ionic compounds form an insoluble product, a precipitate.

Question 10

Precipitate

Answer 10

The insoluble product of a precipitation reaction.

Question 11

Molecular equation

Answer 11

A chemical equation showing a reaction in solution in which reactants and products appear as intact, undissociated compounds.

Question 12

Total ionic equation

Answer 12

An equation for an aqueous reaction that shows all the soluble ionic substances dissociated into ions.

Question 13

Spectator ion

Answer 13

An ion that is present as part of a reactant but is not involved in the chemical change.

Question 14

Net ionic equation

Answer 14

A chemical equation of a reaction in solution in which spectator ions have been eliminated to show the actual chemical change.

Question 15

Metathesis reaction

Answer 15

(Also double-displacement reaction) A reaction in which atoms or ions of two compounds exchange bonding partners. Precipitation and acid-base reactions are examples.

Question 16

Acid-base reaction

Answer 16

Any reaction between an acid and a base (see also neutralization reaction).

Question 17

Neutralization reaction

Answer 17

An acid-base reaction that yields water and a solution of a salt; when the H + ions of a strong acid react with an equivalent amount of the OH - ions of a strong base, the solution is neutral.

Question 18

Acid

Answer 18

A substance that produces H + when dissolved in water.

Question 19

Base

Answer 19

A substance that produces OH - when dissolved in water.

Question 20

Hydronium ion (H3O +)

Answer 20

A proton covalently bonded to a water molecule.

Question 21

Salt

Answer 21

An ionic compound that results from an acid-base reaction after solvent is removed.

Question 22

Titration

Answer 22

A method of determining the concentration of a solution by monitoring the amount of a solution of known concentration needed to react with it.

Question 23

Equivalence point

Answer 23

The point in a titration when the number of moles of the added species is stoichiometrically equivalent to the original number of moles of the other species.

Question 24

End point

Answer 24

The point in a titration at which the indicator changes color permanently.

Question 25

Oxidation-reduction reaction

Answer 25

(Also redox reaction) A process in which there is a net movement of electrons from one reactant (reducing agent) to another (oxidizing agent).

Question 26

Oxidation

Answer 26

The loss of electrons by a species, accompanied by an increase in oxidation number.

Question 27

Reduction

Answer 27

The gain of electrons by a species, accompanied by a decrease in the oxidation number.

Question 28

Oxidizing agent

Answer 28

The substance that accepts electrons in a reaction and undergoes a decrease in oxidation number.

Question 29

Reducing agent

Answer 29

The substance that donates electrons in a redox reaction and undergoes an increase in oxidation number.

Question 30

Oxidation number (O.N.)

Answer 30

(Also oxidation state) A number equal to the magnitude of the charge an atom would have it its shared electrons were transferred to the atom that attracts them more strongly.

Question 31

Activity series of the metals

Answer 31

A listing of metals arranged in order of decreasing strength of the metal as a reducing agent in aqueous reactions.

Question 32

Dynamic equilibrium

Answer 32

The condition at which the forward and reverse reactions are taking place at the same rate, so there is no net change in the amounts of reactants or products.