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Gen Chem I > Chapter 12 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Phase

A

A physically distinct and homogeneous part of a system.

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2
Q

Intermolecular forces

A

(Also interparticle forces) The attractive and repulsive forces among the particles - molecules, atoms, or ions - in a sample of matter.

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3
Q

Phase change

A

A physical change from one phase to another, usually referring to a change in physical state.

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4
Q

Melting

A

(Also fusion) the change of a substance from a solid to a liquid.

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5
Q

Heat of fusion (ΔH°fus)

A

(Also enthalpy of fusion) The enthalpy change occurring when 1 mol of a solid substance melts; designated ΔH°fus at the standard state.

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6
Q

Freezing

A

The process of cooling a liquid until it solidifies.

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7
Q

Vaporization

A

The process of changing from a liquid to a gas.

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8
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

(Also enthalpy of vaporization) The enthalpy change occurring when 1 mol of a liquid substance vaporizes; designated ΔH°vap at the standard state.

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9
Q

Condensation

A

The process of a gas changing into a liquid.

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10
Q

Sublimation

A

The process by which a solid changes directly into a gas.

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11
Q

Heat of sublimation

A

(Also enthalpy of sublimation) The enthalpy change occurring when 1 mol of a solid substance changes directly to a gas. The sum of the heats of fusion and vaporization; designed ΔH°subl at the standard state.

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12
Q

Deposition

A

The process of changing directly from a gas to a solid.

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13
Q

Heating-cooling curve

A

A plot of temperature vs. time for a sample when heat is absorbed or released at a constant rate.

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14
Q

Vapor pressure

A

(Also equilibrium vapor pressure) The pressure exerted by a vapor at equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system.

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15
Q

van der Waals radius

A

One-half of the closest distance between the nuclei of identical non bonded atoms.

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16
Q

Ion-dipole force

A

The intermolecular attractive force between an ion and a polar molecule (dipole).

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17
Q

Dipole-dipole force

A

The intermolecular attraction between oppositely charged poles of nearby polar molecules.

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18
Q

Hydrogen bond (H bond)

A

A type of dipole-dipole force that arises between molecules that have an H atom bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom with lone pairs, usually N, O, or F.

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19
Q

Polarizability

A

The ease with which a particle’s electron cloud can be distorted.

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20
Q

Dispersion force

A

(Also London force) The intermolecular attraction between all particles as a result of instantaneous polarizations of their electron clouds; the intermolecular force primarily responsible for the condensed state of nonpolar substances.

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21
Q

Surface tension

A

The energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount.

22
Q

Capillarity

A

(Also capillary action) The rising of a liquid through a narrow space against the pull of gravity.

23
Q

Viscosity

A

A measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow.

24
Q

X-ray diffraction analysis

A

An instrumental technique used to determine dimensions of a crystal structure by measuring the diffraction patterns caused by x-rays impinging on the crystal.

25
Q

Scanning tunneling microscopy

A

An instrumental technique that uses electrons moving across a minute gap to observe the topography of a surface on the atomic scale.

26
Q

Atomic solid

A

A solid consisting of individual atoms held together by dispersion forces; the frozen noble gases are the only examples.

27
Q

Molecular solid

A

A solid held together by intermolecular forces between individual molecules.

28
Q

Ionic solid

A

A solid whose unit cell contains cations and anions.

29
Q

Metallic solid

A

A solid whose individual atoms are held together by metallic bonding.

30
Q

Network covalent solid

A

A solid in which all the atoms are bonded covalently so that individual molecules are not present.

31
Q

Band theory

A

An extension of molecular orbital (MO) theory that explains many properties of metals and other solids - in particular, the differences in conductivity of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals.

32
Q

Valence band

A

In band theory, the lower energy portion of the band of molecular orbitals, which is filled with valence electrons.

33
Q

Conduction band

A

In band theory, the empty, higher energy portion of the band of molecular orbitals into which electrons move when conducting heat and electricity.

34
Q

Conductor

A

A substance (usually a metal) that conducts an electric current well.

35
Q

Semiconductor

A

A substance whose electrical conductivity is poor at room temperature but increases significantly with rising temperature.

36
Q

Insulator

A

A substance (usually a nonmetal) that does not conduct an electric current.

37
Q

Superconductivity

A

The ability to conduct a current with no loss of energy to resistive heating.

38
Q

Crystal defect

A

Any of a variety of disruptions in the regularity of a crystal structure.

39
Q

Doping

A

Adding small amounts of other elements into the crystal structure of a semiconductor to enhance a specific property, usually conductivity.

40
Q

Liquid crystal

A

A substance that flows like a liquid but packs like a crystalline solids t the molecular level.

41
Q

Ceramic

A

A nonmetallic, nonpolymeric solid that is hardened by heating it to high temperatures an, in most case, consists of silicate microcrystals suspended in a glassy cementing medium.

42
Q

Polymer

A

(Also macromolecule) An extremely large molecule that results from the covalent linking of many simpler molecular units (monomers).

43
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule, linked covalently to others of the same or similar type to form a polymer; the repeat unit of the polymer.

44
Q

Degree of polymerization (n)

A

The number of repeat units in a polymer chain.

45
Q

Random coil

A

The shape adopted by most polymer chains and caused by random rotation about the bonds joining the repeat units.

46
Q

Radius of gyration (Rg)

A

A measure of the size of a coiled polymer chain, expressed as the average distance from the center of mass to the chain to its outside edge.

47
Q

Plastic

A

A material that, when deformed, retains its new shape.

48
Q

Branch

A

A side chain appended to a polymer backbone or to the longest sequence of atoms in an organic compound.

49
Q

Crosslink

A

A branch that covalently joins one polymer chain to another.

50
Q

Elastomer

A

A polymeric material that can be stretched and springs back to its original shape when released.

51
Q

Copolymer

A

A polymer that consists of two or ore types of monomer.

52
Q

Nanotechnology

A

The science and engineering of nanoscale systems (size range of 1-100 nm).

Gen Chem I (12 decks)

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