Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Question 1

Name the Strong Acids

Answer 1

HCl
HI
HBr
HNO3
H2SO4
HClO4

Question 2

Define Solute

Answer 2

Thing being dissolved (ex. Table salt)

Question 3

Define Solvent

Answer 3

Thing doing the dissolving (ex. Water)

Question 4

Define Miscibility

Answer 4

The ability of substances to form a homogenous mixture (ex. Sugar water)

Question 5

Define Solution

Answer 5

A homogenous mixture of solvent and solute

Question 6

Define Precipitate

Answer 6

A solid product of a chemical reaction in a solution

Question 7

What 4 gases commonly form in chemical reactions? What forms them?

Answer 7

CO2 (H2CO3)
SO2 (H2SO4)
NH3 (NH4O4)
H2S (Not Applicable)

Question 8

What oxides form acids in water (oxide + H2O —> acid)? What oxides form bases? What kind of reaction is this?

Answer 8

Acids - Nonmetal oxides
Bases - Metallic oxides
Reaction - Synthesis
(ex. CO2 + H2O —-> H2CO3)

Question 9

What makes NH3 and NH4 special?

Answer 9

Despite not having a hydroxide or beginning with a hydrogen, NH3/ammonia is a weak base and NH4/ammonium is a weak acid (straddling the middle between acid and base)

Question 10

What type of oxides form bases in water? What type of oxides form acids in water?

Answer 10

Metal oxides in H2O form hydroxides, nonmetal oxides form acids (ex. CaO + H2O –> Ca(OH)2)

Question 11

What makes a compound soluble? (outdated, skip this)

Answer 11

Mnemonic: GANC SABIC
1. Group IA
2. Acetates
3. Nitrates
4. Chlorates

5. Sulfates
6. Ammonium
7. Bromides
8. Iodides
9. Chlorides

Question 12

What are the exceptions to GANC SABIC? (not needed, you will have solubility sheet)

Answer 12

Mnemonic: PMS (corresponds to S and G or Sulfates and group 17) in soluble mnemonic) and Castro Bear (corresponds to S or Sulfates)
1. Pb (lead)
2. Mercury
3. Silver

4. Ca
5. Sr
6. Ba

Question 13

What else (see PMS and Castro Bear mnemonic cards) makes a compound insoluble? (also not needed, you will have solubility sheet)

Answer 13

Mnemonic: PC MoMhS

1. Phosphates
2. Carbonates
3. Metallic oxides
4. Metallic hydroxides (in addition to exceptions of NH4 and Group IA to be soluble, exception from IIA from Calcium down)
5. Sulfides (exception including IIA)

Question 14

name the diatomics. ig. or smth. ong. fr. truth. not hyperbole. fax.

Answer 14

H2
N2
O2
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
(the big ol 7 starting at N (don’t forget the H way outside the 7 though))

Question 15

What types of elements color a solution when dissolved?

Answer 15

Transition metals

Question 16

What happens when an acid and carbonate react?

Answer 16

H2O and CO2 are formed

Question 17

Name and define the different types of separation (looking back this might not be very necessary)

Answer 17

1. Sieving: Separation by size for heterogenous mixtures
2. Sedimentation: Insoluble particles separate from the fluid layer
3. Decantation: Fluid layer above denser insoluble solution is poured off from the top (not sure if you need to know this one)
4. Centrifugation: Solids and liquids or liquids and immiscible liquids separated by density via spinning
5. Magnetism: Magnetic substances separated from nonmagnetic substance by magnets (crazy and quirky)
6. Distillation: Liquids w/different boiling points, boil one liquid off

Question 18

Why is water such a good solvent?

Answer 18

Water is a polarized molecule with the electrons being pulled most heavily towards the oxygen atom, which, when added to the v-shape, creates a positive and negative end even though it should be neutral by charges alone

Thus, water can pull apart negative and positive ions

Question 19

What is hydration?

Answer 19

Water pulling apart molecules (sometimes ionic, sometimes not) with the anions attracted to the hydrogen end and cations attracted to the oxygen man

This is what (aq) means, the molecule in question is hydrated, and that’s why strong acids and bases (OH is also polar) and all that strong stuff is soluble w/the aq

Question 20

Define equivalence point/stoichiometric point:

Answer 20

Point where an indicator substance changes color, with the equivalence point showing that enough titrant has been added to react entirely with the analyte, and enough indicator has been added to show this by changing color at the endpoint

Question 21

What is Oxidation? What is Reduction? (OIL RIG)

Answer 21

Oxidation - Loss of electrons via a redox reaction
Reduction - Element gains an electron via redox reaction

Question 22

What is an endpoint? An indicator? Equivalence/stoichiometric points?

Answer 22

Endpoint - where an indicator changes color
Indicator - Substance added into an analyte early in the reaction, changes color (ideally) when analyte is titrated/reacted fully
Equivalence point - Where substance is fully reacted

Question 23

what is a molarity

Answer 23

moles/liter

Question 24

define strong, weak, and non electrolytes

Answer 24

Strong electrolytes dissociate 100% in water, weak electrolytes do it weAkly (omg rlly), nonelectrolytes don’t do it

Question 25

dilution equation

Answer 25

m1v1=m2v2

Question 26

What is always a product of an acid-base reaction?

Answer 26

H2O

Question 27

Define titrant

Answer 27

Solution of known concentration being delivered via buret

Question 28

Define analyte

Answer 28

Solution being titrated/analyzed

Question 29

Steps to balancing a redox reaction (non-basic): (ex. Ce4+(aq) + Sn2+(aq) ----> Ce3+(aq) + Sn4+(aq))

Answer 29

1. Balance elements like a normal equation except for Hydrogen and Oxygen 2. Split equation into reduction and oxidation halves 3. Balance Oxygens using H2O 4. Balance Hydrogens using H+ 5. Balance charges using electrons 6. Add reactant sides of both equations and product sides of both equations, cancelling out stuff that exists on both sides at once

Question 30

Steps to balancing basic redox reaction: (see non-basic redox reaction first)

Answer 30

1. Do non-basic redox steps 2. Add OH- ions on both sides to eliminate H+ ions, turning them into water molecules

Question 31

electron donor/reducing agent

Answer 31

loses electrons, therefore reduces something

Question 32

when diluting something and determining how much water is required for dilution…

Answer 32

always remember to subtract the volume of the original undiluted solution from the total found by m1v1=m2v2

Question 33

when looking at a graph of concentration, the best point of determining concentration of a desired substance…

Answer 33

is the peak of the substance’s concentration

Question 34

would the mn2+ ion have the same location on the periodic table as mn? why?

Answer 34

yes, because the table works on atomic number/anount of protons, not electrons