Chapter 4 - Transport across cell membranes Flashcards
What are cell-surface membranes?
A partially permeable barrier between the cell and its environment, which controls what enters and leaves the cell
What is a plasma membrane?
A membrane anywhere in the cell, including those that surround the organelles
What three things is a cell membrane made of?
Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
What are the two components of a phospholipid?
A hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head
How are phospholipids organised in the bilayer?
With the hydrophilic heads pointing out and the hydrophobic tails pointing in
What type of molecules CAN’T get through the bilayer?
Large or charged (e.g. ions or glucose)
Functions of phospholipids (3)
Allow lipid-soluble substances in and out of the cell
Prevent water-soluble substances from entering or leaving
Make the membrane flexible
What are the functions (2) of the proteins that only occur on the surface of the membrane?
Mechanical support to cell
Cell receptors
A function of protein channels
Water filled tubes which allow water-soluble ions to diffuse across the membrane
What are carrier proteins?
Proteins which bind to ions or molecules and change shape in order to move them across the membrane
Main functions of proteins in the cell membrane (3)
Structural support
Cell surface receptors
Allow substances to cross the membrane
Where are cholesterol molecules found?
Between the phospholipids
Functions of cholesterol
Structural support
Make the membrane less fluid
Prevent leakage of fluids from cell
How does cholesterol stop the membrane being so fluid?
It binds to the hydrophobic tails and causes them to pack closely together, which restricts the movement of the phospholipids
What are glycolipids?
A carbohydrate bonded to a lipid
Function of glycolipids (3)
Recognition sites
Keep the membrane stable
Help cells attach to eachother
What are glycoproteins?
Carbohydrate chains attached to extrinsic proteins
Functions of glycoproteins (2)
Recognition sites
Allow lymphocytes to distinguish between cells
What name is given to the current model of the cell membrane?
Fluid mosaic