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BIO 204 > Chapter 4: Tissue: The Living Fabric > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissue: The Living Fabric Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function
four major types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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3
Q

epithelial tissue (epithelium)

A

sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
two kinds: covering and lining epithelium, and glandular epithelium
boundaries between different environments
functions: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception
have no blood vessels but are supplied by nerve fibers
has high regenerative capacity

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4
Q

covering and lining epithelium

A

forms the outer layer of skin
dips into and lines open cavities of urogenital, digestive and respiratory systems
covers walls and organs of closed ventral body cavity

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5
Q

glandular epithelium

A

fashions glands of the body

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6
Q

apical surface

A

upper free surface of the epithelium exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ

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7
Q

basal surface

A

lower attached surface of the epithelium

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8
Q

microvilli

A

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane on apical surfaces
increase exposed surface are to absorb or secrete substances more effectively
ex: lining of kidney tubules

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9
Q

cilia

A

motile tiny hairlike projections that propel substances along free surface
ex: lining of the trachea

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10
Q

basal lamina

A

thin supporting sheet
noncellular, adhesive sheet consisting of glycoproteins secreted by the epithelial cells with some fine collagen fibers
selective filter that determines which molecules diffuse to the underlying connective tissue
acts as a scaffolding which epithelial cells can migrate to repair a wound

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11
Q

reticular lamina

A

layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fibers that belong to the underlying connective tissue

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12
Q

bassement membrane

A

made up of the basal lamina and the reticular lamina
reinforces the epithelial sheet
helps resist stretching and tearing
defines the epithelial boundary

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13
Q

avascular

A

contains no blood vessels

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14
Q

innervated

A

supplied by nerve fibers

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15
Q

simple epithelia

A

consists of a single cell layer

found where absorption, secretion and filtration occur and a thin epithelial barrier is desirable

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16
Q

stratified epithelia

A

two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other
common in high abrasion areas where protection is important
ex: skin surface and lining of the mouth

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17
Q

squamous cells

A

common epithelial cell
flattened and scale-like
nucleus is a flattened disc

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18
Q

cuboidal cells

A

common epithelial cell
boxlike, about as tall as they are wide
spherical nucleus

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19
Q

columnar cells

A

common epithelial cell
tall and column shaped
elongated nucleus from top to bottom and is located closer to the cell base

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20
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A 
flattened laterally
sparse cytoplasm
thin and often permeable
found where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is necessary
two kinds: endothelium, mesothelium
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21
Q

endothelium

A

provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and hollow organs in the cardiovascular system
capillaries of endothelium
thinness encourages exchange of nutrients and wastes between bloodstream and surrounding tissue cells

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22
Q

mesothelium

A

epithelium found in serous membranes

membrane lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs

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23
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cells as tall as they are wide
function: secretion and absorption
forms walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules

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24
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of tall, closely packed cells
lines digestive tract from stomach to rectum
associated with absorption and secretion
digestive tract lining has dense microvilli on the apical surface of absorptive cells and tubular glands made of cells hat secrete mucus-containing intestinal juice
have cilia on free surfaces to help move substances along

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25
Q

psuedostratified columnar epithelium

A

cells vary in height and rest on basement membrane
nucleus lies low in cell giving impression of many layers of cells
short cells re relatively unspecialized and give rise to taller cells
secretes or absorbs substances

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26
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

most widespread of stratified epithelia
has many layers, thick
free surface cells are squamous (replaced by basal cells after wear and tear) and keratinized, deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar
protects body
forms external part of skin and extends a short distance into every body opening that is continuous with skin

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27
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

rare in the body, found mostly in the ducts of some larger glands
has two layers of cuboidal cells

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28
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

rare in body, found in the pharynx, male urethra, lining of some glandular ducts, transition areas or junctions between different kinds of epithelia
only apical layer is columnar

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29
Q

transitional epithelium

A

forms lining of hollow urinary organs that stretch when filling with urine
basal layer is made of cuboidal or columnar cells
apical cells vary depending on stretching
when full, layer stretches from six cell layers to three and cells become flattened

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30
Q

gland

A

consists of one or more cells that make or secrete a particular product
classified by where they release their product and the number of cells

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31
Q

secretion

A

product of a gland

aqueous fluid containing proteins, lipids or steroids

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32
Q

unicellular epithelial glands

A

scattered within epithelial sheets

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33
Q

multicellular epithelial glands

A

formed by invagination of an epithelial sheet into the underlying connective tissue

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34
Q

endocrine glands

A

lose their ducts (called ductless glands)
produce hormones
structurally diverse, most are compact multicellular organs
secretions include modified amino acids, peptides, gylcoproteins and steroids

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35
Q

hormones

A

messenger chemicals secreted by exocytosis into the extracellular space by endocrine glands

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36
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities
unicellular glands secrete directly using exocytosis
multicellular glands secrete via epithelium-walled duct that transport to the epithelial surface
secretions include mucous, sweat, oil
ex: salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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37
Q

unicellular exocrine glands

A

mucous cells and goblet cells
sprinkled in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tract
produce mucin

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38
Q

mucin

A

complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted

forms mucus once dissolve

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39
Q

goblet cells

A

cuplike accumulations of mucin distends the top of the cell that looks like a stem on a glass

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40
Q

multicellular exocrine glands

A

structurally more diverse
two basic parts: epithelium-serviced duct and a secretory unit (acinus)
have supportive connective tissue surrounding the secretory unit that supples it with blood vessels and nerve fibers
classified by structure and type of secretion

41
Q

simple multicellular exocrine glands

A

have an unbranded duct

42
Q

compound multicellular exocrine glands

A

have a branched duct

43
Q

tubular multicellular exocrine glands

A

secretory cells in secretory units form tubes

44
Q

alveolar multicellular exocrine glands

A

secretory cells form small, flask-like sacs

45
Q

tubuloalveolar multicellular exocrine glands

A

have secretory cells that form tubes and form small sacs

46
Q

merocrine multicellular exocrine glands

A

secrete products by exocytosis as they are produced
secretory cells are not altered
ex: pancreas, sweat glands, salivary glands

47
Q

holocrine multicellular exocrine glands

A

secretory cells accumulate products within them until they rupture
secretion includes synthesized product and dead cell material
ex: sebaceous (oil) glands of skin

48
Q

connective tissue

A

has four main kinds: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone and blood
functions: connects body parts, binds and supports, protection, insulation, storing reserve fuel and transporting substances through the body
all connective tissues rise from the mesenchyme
largely composed of nonliving extracellular matrix (can bear weight, withstand tension, endure physical trauma)

49
Q

ground substance

A

unstructured material that fills the space between cells and contains fibers
made of interstitial fluid, CAMs, and proteoglycans
has a high fluid content
functions as a molecular medium for nutrients and dissolved substances to diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

50
Q

cell adhesion proteins (CAMs)

A

serve as connective tissue glue that attaches connective tissue cells to the matrix
ex: fibronectin, laminin etc.

51
Q

proteoglycans

A

protein core which glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are attached

form huge aggregates and trap water to form a fluidy-gel

52
Q

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

strandlike
large, negatively charged polysaccharides
ex: chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid
higher GAG content in proteoglycans more viscous the ground substance

53
Q

collagen fibers

A

strongest and most abundant connective tissue fiber
secreted into extracellular space where they spontaneously assemble into cross-linked fibrils that bundle together into think collagen fibers

54
Q

elastic fibers

A

long and thin
form branching network in extracellular matrix
contain rubberlike protein elastin that allow them to stretch and recoil
found where elasticity is needed (i.e. skin, lungs and blood vessel walls)

55
Q

reticular fibers

A

short, fine, collagenous fibers
continuous with collagen fibers, brand extensively to form networks that surround small blood vessels and support soft tissue of organs
abundant where connective tissue meets other kinds of tissue (i.e. basement membranes)

56
Q

connective tissue cells

A 
immature = -blast, synthesize matrix by secreting ground substances and fibers or particular matrix kind
mature = -cyte, maintain health of matrix, can never back to immature state to repair and regenerate matrix if damaged
also includes fat cells, white blood cells, mast class and macrophages
57
Q

fibroblast

A

immature cells of connective tissue proper
flat branching cells that appear spindle shaped
predominate areolar connective tissue

58
Q

chondroblast

A

immature cells of cartilage
produce new matrix until skeleton stops growing at end of adolescence
chondrocytes are found in small groups in cavities called lacunae

59
Q

osteoblast

A

immature cells of bone
produce organic portion of bone matrix where bone salts are deposited on
mature bone cells = osteocytes, live in lacunae in matrix

60
Q

hematopoietic stem cell

A

undifferentiated blast cell that produces blood cells

61
Q

fat cells

A

connective tissue cells

store nutrients

62
Q

white blood cells

A

connective tissue cells
tissue response to injury
ex: neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes

63
Q

mast cells

A

connective tissue cells
cluster along blood vessels, detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory response
contain secretory granolas with chemicals that mediate inflammation (i.e. heparin, histamine, proteases, other enzymes)

64
Q

macrophages

A

connective tissue cells
large, irregularly shaped cells
consume foreign materials, dispose of dead tissue cells, participate in the immune system

65
Q

mesenchyme

A

common embryonic tissue that mature connective tissue arises from
has a fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells

66
Q

connective tissue proper

A

all mature connective tissues except bone, cartilage and blood
two subclasses: loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

67
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue
functions: support and bind other tissues, holds body fluids, defends agains infection, stores nutrients as fat in adipocytes
contains fibroblasts mainly, some macrophages and fat cells, occasionally mast cells
has a loose arrangement of fibers
provides reservoir for water and salts surrounding body tissues (nutrients and wastes)
high content of hyaluronic acid makes ground substance viscous, hinders movement of cells through it
most widely distributed connective tissue in the body

68
Q

adipose (fat) tissue

A

similar to areolar tissue in structure and function
higher nutrient-storing ability
90% adipocytes
closely packed cells with little matrix
richly vascularized
18% of human body weight
accumulates in subcutaneous tissue
functions as a shock absorber, insulator, energy storage site
serves as general nutrition for entire body

69
Q

white adipose tissue

A

aka white fat

stores nutrients for other cells

70
Q

brown adipose tissue

A 
aka brown fat
contains abundant mitochondria
use lipids as fuel to heat bloodstream to warm the body
richly vascularized
common in babies, rarer in adults
71
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

resembles areolar connective tissues but only has reticular fibers that form a network of scattered fibroblasts called reticular cells
limited to stroma (internal framework) to support free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow

72
Q

dense connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper
three kinds: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
often called fibrous connective tissue because they are predominantly fibers

73
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

contain closely packed bundles of collagen fibers funning parallel to direction of pull
white, flexible structures with great resistance to tension in a single direction
form tendons including aponeuroses, ligaments and fascia

74
Q

aponeuroses

A

type of tendon
flat, sheetlike
attach muscle to other muscle or bone

75
Q

ligaments

A

type of tendon
bind bones together at joints
contain more elastic fibers than tendons, more stretchy

76
Q

fascia

A

fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels and nerves and binds them together

77
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

same structural elements as regular but with thicker bundles of collagen fibers that are irregularly arranged (run in more than one direction)
forms sheets where tendons are exerted in different directions
found in skin as the dermis, fibrous join capsules and fibrous coverings of some organs

78
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

very elastic ligaments
dense regular connective tissue
ex: ligaments that connect adjacent vertebrae, in walls of larger arteries

79
Q

cartilage

A

stands up to tension and compression
has qualities of dense connective tissue and bone (tough and flexible)
lacks nerves, avascular
receives nutrients through diffusion of blood vessels in connective tissue layer around it
has firm ground tissue
up to 80% water
three kinds: hyaline, elastic and fibro

80
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

aka grisle
most abundant cartilage type
contains large amounts of collagen, has a transparent matrix
1-10% chondrocytes
provides firm support with some pliability
covers ends of long bones (articular cartilage), supports tip of nose, connects ribs to sternum, supports respiratory passages

81
Q

elastic cartilage

A

nearly identical to hyaline cartilage, has more elastic fibers
found external ear and epiglottis

82
Q

fibrocartilage

A

has rows of chondrocytes that alternate with rows of thick collagen fibers
compressible, resists tension
found in intravertebral discs and spongy cartilages of knee

83
Q

bone (osseous tissue)

A

supports and protects body features
provide activities for storing fat and synthesizing blood cells
bone matrix is similar to cartilage but has more collagen and contains inorganic calcium salts making it harder

84
Q

blood

A

fluid in blood vessels
develops form mesenchyme, doesn’t connect things or give mechanical support, consists of blood cells surrounded by nonliving fluid matrix (blood plasma)
majority are erythrocytes (RBCs)
fibers are soluble protein molecules that protein molecules that precipitate during clotting

85
Q

muscle tissue

A

highly cellular, well vascularized tissue
responsible for most types of body movement
contain myofilaments
three kinds: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

86
Q

myofilaments

A

in muscle cells

elaborate networks of actin and myosin filaments that bring about movement or contraction in all muscle cell types

87
Q

skeletal muscle

A

aka voluntary muscle
tissue is packaged by connective tissues sheets into organs that are attached to bones
form flesh of body
pull on bones or skin when they contract creating body movements
cells are called muscle fibers

88
Q

muscle fibers

A

skeletal muscle cells
long, cylindrical cells with many peripherally located nuclei
banded or striated reflecting alignment of myofilaments

89
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary muscle
found only in walls of heart
contractions propel blood through blood vessels throughout the body
cardiac cells are generally uninucleate with a centrally located nucleus and are branched allowing them to fit tightly together at junctions called intercalated discs

90
Q

intercalated discs

A

junctions where branched cardiac muscle cells fit tightly together

91
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary muscle
cells have no visible striations
spindle shaped cells with one centrally located nucleus
found mostly in walls of hollow organs other than the heart
squeezes substances through organs by contracting and relaxing

92
Q

nervous tissue

A

main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and nerves)
regulates and controls body functions
two major cells types: neurons and supporting cells

93
Q

neurons

A

highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
typically branching cells with cytoplasmic extensions that allow them to respond to stimuli (dendrites) and transmit electrical impulses (axons)

94
Q

supporting cells

A

non-conducting cells that support, insulate and protect neurons
ex: glial cells or neuroglia

95
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin
organ system of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)
exposed to air, dry membrane

96
Q

mucous membranes (mucosae)

A

line all body cavities open to the outside of the body
wet membranes (bathed in secretions)
cell composition varies (either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelia)
epithelial sheet lies directly over layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria which can rest on a layer of smooth muscle tissue
adapted for absorption and secretion

97
Q

serous membranes (serosae)

A

moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities
consists of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on a layer of loose connective (areolar) tissue
thin, clear serous fluid lubricates facing surfaces of the parietal and visceral layers so they can slide past one another
named for location in body

98
Q

regeneration

A

replaces destroyed tissue with same kind of tissue

99
Q

fibrosis

A

replaces destroyed tissue with dense connective tissue that proliferates to form scar tissue

BIO 204 (5 decks)

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