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BIO 204 > Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive (pgs. 32-51) > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive (pgs. 32-51) Flashcards

1
Q

synthesis/combination reaction

A

atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule
involves bond formation
A + B => AB

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2
Q

anabolic reactions

A

synthesis reactions that are the basis of constructive activities in body cells

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3
Q

decomposition reaction

A

molecule broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms
AB => A + B
bonds are broken, reverse synthesis reaction

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4
Q

catabolic reactions

A

decomposition reactions that are degradative in body cells

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5
Q

exchange/displacement reactions

A

involve both synthesis and decomposition

AB + C => AC + B or AB + CD => AD + CB

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6
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions)

A

decomposition reactions
basis of all reactions in which food fuels are broken down into energy (ATP is produced)
electrons are exchanged between reactants
occur when ionic compounds are formed
some reactions don’t have complete transfer of electrons, just a change in sharing patterns in a covalent bond

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7
Q

electron donor

A

loses electrons

is oxidized

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8
Q

electron acceptor

A

gains electrons

is reduced

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9
Q

exergonic reactions

A

yield products with less energy than the initial reactants with energy that can be harvested for other reactions
ex: catabolic and oxidative reactions

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10
Q

endergonic reactions

A

products contain more potential energy in the chemical bonds than the reactants did
ex: anabolic reactions

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11
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

neither the forward reaction nor the reverse reaction is dominant
for one molecule of product formed, one product molecule breaks down
no net change in amounts of reactants and products

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12
Q

factors influencing reaction rate - temperature

A

increased temperature of a substance increases kinetic energy of particles and the force of collisions
at high temps, reaction rate increases

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13
Q

factors influencing reaction rate - concentration

A

chemical reactions proceed more rapidly when high concentrations of reactants are present
increased chance of successful collisions
chemical equilibrium will eventually occur

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14
Q

factors influencing reaction rate - particle size

A

smaller particles move faster and collide more frequently and more forcefully
smaller reacting particles, faster chemical reaction

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15
Q

factors influencing reaction rate - catalysts

A

most chemical reactions proceed too slowly to maintain life
catalysts are substances that increase rate of chemical reaction without being chemically changed or becoming part of the product

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16
Q

biochemistry

A

study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter

all chemicals in body are either organic or inorganic

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17
Q

organic compounds

A

contain carbon
covalently bonded molecules
often large

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18
Q

inorganic compounds

A

water, salts and many acids and bases

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19
Q

water

A

most abundant and important inorganic compound in the body
60-80% of the volume of living cells
high heat capacity
high heat of vaporization
polar solvent properties (universal solvent)
Reactivity
Cushioning

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20
Q

heat capacity

A

amount of heat absorbed or released during a change in temperature
water has a high heat capacity, prevents sudden changes in temperature by external factors in the body

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21
Q

heat of vaporization

A

amount of heat absorbed when a substance goes from liquid to gas
water has a high heat of vaporization, requires a large amount of heat to break H bonds that hold water together, beneficial when we sweat (cooling effect)

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22
Q

universal solvent

A

water is polar so it can attract and surround solutes

in the body biological molecules must be in water to react

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23
Q

hydration layers

A

layers of water around large charged molecules shielding them from effects of nearby charged substances or settling out of solution

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24
Q

reactivity

A

water is a reactant in many chemical reactions like food breakdown

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25
cushioning
water surrounds body organs and protects them from physical trauma
26
salts
ionic compound with cations other than H+ and anions other than OH- dissolve in water common salts in the body: NaCl, CaCO3, KCl, calcium phosphates
27
electrolytes
substances that conduct an electrical current in solution | all ions
28
acids
sour taste react with many metals substance that releases H+ in detectable amounts proton donors
29
bases
bitter taste proton acceptors take up H+ in detectable amounts common inorganic bases: hydroxides (hydroxyl ion OH_) bicarbonate ion (HCO3-): abundant in blood ammonia (NH3): waste product in protein breakdown
30
neutralization reaction
mixing an acid and base to make water and salt | displacement reaction
31
buffers
regulate the acid-base balance resist abrupt and large changes in pH of body fluids by releasing H+ when pH rises and binding H+ when it drops blood is highly regulated since it comes in contact with all body organs
32
strong acids
acids that dissolve completely and irreversibly in water | can drastically change pH of a solution
33
weak acids
acids that don't dissociate completely, less acidic in solution ex: carbonic acid (H2CO3) and acetic acid (HAc)
34
strong bases
dissociate completely in water and quickly tie up H+ | ex: hydroxides
35
weak bases
ionize incompletely and reversibly, accept relatively few protons ex: sodium bicarbonate
36
carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
``` buffer system in blood carbonic acid (H2CO3) dissociates reversibly, releasing bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and protons (H+) chemical equilibrium resists changes in blood pH by shifting to HCO3- when pH rises and shifting to H2CO3 when pH decreases ```
37
dehydration synthesis
creation of polymers from monomers hydrogen atom is removed from a monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from another and then a covalent bond is made between them releasing water
38
hydrolysis
degration of molecules | water is added to each covalent bond to be broken down releasing monomers
39
carbohydrates
sugars and starches make up 1-2% of a cell's mass contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen classified by size as a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide function is to provide a source of cellular fuel
40
monosaccharides
simple sugars single chain or single-ring structures with three to seven carbon atoms ex: deoxyribose, glucose, galactose, fructose
41
isomers
have same molecular formula but differently arranged atoms giving them different chemical properties
42
disaccharides
double sugar formed from two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis ex: sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (glucose + glucose) must be digested before they can be absorbed into blood
43
polysaccharides
polymers of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis large, insoluble molecules, ideal storage products ex: starch and glycogen (polymers of glucose)
44
lipids
insoluble in water dissolve readily in other lipids and in organic solvents (alcohol and ether) ex: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
45
triglycerides
neutral fats fats or oils large molecules provide most efficient and compact form of energy storage composed of a 3:1 ration of fatty acids and glycerol function to insulate deeper body tissue from heat loss and mechanical trauma
46
saturated fatty acids
have single covalent bonds between carbon atoms | straight and closely packed together at room temperature
47
unsaturated fatty acids
have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms called monounsaturated or polyunsaturated kink chains so they cannot pack together and solidify ex: oils
48
trans fats
oils that have been solidified by adding H atoms at carbon carbon double bonds increase risk of heart disease
49
omega-3 fatty acids
decrease risk of heart disease and some inflammatory diseases
50
phospholipids
di-glycerides (modified triglycerides) have a non-polar hydrocarbon tail and a polar phosphorus containing head used for building cellular membranes
51
steriods
flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings fat soluble ex: steroid hormone = cholesterol
52
eicosanoids
derived from a 20 carbon fatty acid found in cell membranes ex: prostaglandins = blood clotting, regulation of blood pressure, inflammation and labor contractions (synthesis and inflammatory actions are blocked by NSAIDs)
53
protein
10-30% cell mass, basic structural material of the body play vital roles in cell functions ex: enzymes, hemoglobin, contractile proteins in muscles etc.
54
amino acids
building blocks of proteins 20 common types have an amine group (-NH2) and an organic acid group (-COOH) act as either a base or an acid due to their R group long chains of amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis through their amine groups on one end and the acid group on another
55
peptide bonds
bond between amino acids
56
primary protein structure
linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain | backbone of a protein molecule
57
secondary protein structure
linear structure of an amino acid twists or bends to form a more complex structure most common type is an alpha helix
58
alpha helix
formed by coiling of primary chain and stabilized by H bonds between NH and CO groups four amino acids apart in the same chain
59
beta pleated sheet
primary polypeptide chains are linked side by side by H bonds to form a ribbonlike structure can link different chains and different parts of the same chain together
60
tertiary structure
higher level of protein complexity superimposed on secondary structure using amino acid R groups produces globular molecules hydrophobic R groups go on the inside and hydrophilic R groups on the outside of the protein
61
quaternary structure
two or more polypeptide chains aggregate in a regular manner to form a complex protein
62
fibrous or structural proteins
extended and strandlike most have tertiary and quaternary structure insoluble in water and very stable ex: collagen, keratin, elastin, contractile proteins of muscle
63
globular or functional proteins
compact, spherical proteins have at least tertiary structure water soluble, chemically active molecules, play a crucial role in almost all biological processes ex: antibodies
64
denaturation
usually happens to globular proteins break down protein structure (usually through H bonds) and function through chemical or physical factors usually reversible ex: acidity, temperature
65
enzymes
globular proteins that act as biological catalysts keep metabolic pathways flowing cannot force chemical reactions to occur but speed up reaction rates from 100,000 to 1 billion times
66
holoenzyme
functional enzyme consisting of the apoenzyme and a cofactor
67
apoenzyme
protein portion of a functional enzyme
68
cofactor
ion of a metal element or an organic molecule that assists the reaction in some way
69
coenzymes
cofactors derived from a vitamin
70
active site
part of enzyme where catalytic activity occurs
71
substrate
substance and enzyme acts on
72
hydrolases
add water during hydrolysis reactions
73
oxidases
oxidize reactants by adding oxygen or removing hydrogen
74
activation energy
certain amount of energy absorbed to prime the reaction alters bonds of the reactants so they can be rearranged to become the product enzymes decrease activation energy needed to perform reactions at room temperature
75
nucleic acids
composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus two major classes: deoxyribonucleic acids and ribonucleic acids
76
deoxyribonucleic acids
DNA long double stranded polymer with bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine in a double helix found in nucleus constitutes genetic material replicates itself before the cell divides and provides basic instructions for building proteins in the body
77
ribonucleic acids
RNA single stranded molecule made up of adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil located outside the nucleus many different types
78
nucleotides
structural units of nucleic acids | consists of a nitrogen containing base, pentose sugar and phosphate group
79
purines
large, two-ring bases | adenine and guanine
80
pyrimidines
smaller, single-ring bases | cytosine, thymine and uracil
81
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
synthesis is coupled to energy release during glucose catabolism primary energy transferring molecule in cells provides usable energy to body cells adenine containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups

BIO 204 (5 decks)

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