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BIO 204 > Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive (pgs. 32-51) > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive (pgs. 32-51) Flashcards

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1
Q

synthesis/combination reaction

A

atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule
involves bond formation
A + B => AB

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2
Q

anabolic reactions

A

synthesis reactions that are the basis of constructive activities in body cells

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3
Q

decomposition reaction

A

molecule broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms
AB => A + B
bonds are broken, reverse synthesis reaction

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4
Q

catabolic reactions

A

decomposition reactions that are degradative in body cells

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5
Q

exchange/displacement reactions

A

involve both synthesis and decomposition

AB + C => AC + B or AB + CD => AD + CB

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6
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions)

A

decomposition reactions
basis of all reactions in which food fuels are broken down into energy (ATP is produced)
electrons are exchanged between reactants
occur when ionic compounds are formed
some reactions don’t have complete transfer of electrons, just a change in sharing patterns in a covalent bond

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7
Q

electron donor

A

loses electrons

is oxidized

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8
Q

electron acceptor

A

gains electrons

is reduced

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9
Q

exergonic reactions

A

yield products with less energy than the initial reactants with energy that can be harvested for other reactions
ex: catabolic and oxidative reactions

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10
Q

endergonic reactions

A

products contain more potential energy in the chemical bonds than the reactants did
ex: anabolic reactions

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11
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

neither the forward reaction nor the reverse reaction is dominant
for one molecule of product formed, one product molecule breaks down
no net change in amounts of reactants and products

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12
Q

factors influencing reaction rate - temperature

A

increased temperature of a substance increases kinetic energy of particles and the force of collisions
at high temps, reaction rate increases

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13
Q

factors influencing reaction rate - concentration

A

chemical reactions proceed more rapidly when high concentrations of reactants are present
increased chance of successful collisions
chemical equilibrium will eventually occur

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14
Q

factors influencing reaction rate - particle size

A

smaller particles move faster and collide more frequently and more forcefully
smaller reacting particles, faster chemical reaction

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15
Q

factors influencing reaction rate - catalysts

A

most chemical reactions proceed too slowly to maintain life
catalysts are substances that increase rate of chemical reaction without being chemically changed or becoming part of the product

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16
Q

biochemistry

A

study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter

all chemicals in body are either organic or inorganic

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17
Q

organic compounds

A

contain carbon
covalently bonded molecules
often large

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18
Q

inorganic compounds

A

water, salts and many acids and bases

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19
Q

water

A

most abundant and important inorganic compound in the body
60-80% of the volume of living cells
high heat capacity
high heat of vaporization
polar solvent properties (universal solvent)
Reactivity
Cushioning

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20
Q

heat capacity

A

amount of heat absorbed or released during a change in temperature
water has a high heat capacity, prevents sudden changes in temperature by external factors in the body

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21
Q

heat of vaporization

A

amount of heat absorbed when a substance goes from liquid to gas
water has a high heat of vaporization, requires a large amount of heat to break H bonds that hold water together, beneficial when we sweat (cooling effect)

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22
Q

universal solvent

A

water is polar so it can attract and surround solutes

in the body biological molecules must be in water to react

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23
Q

hydration layers

A

layers of water around large charged molecules shielding them from effects of nearby charged substances or settling out of solution

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24
Q

reactivity

A

water is a reactant in many chemical reactions like food breakdown

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25
Q

cushioning

A

water surrounds body organs and protects them from physical trauma

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26
Q

salts

A

ionic compound with cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-
dissolve in water
common salts in the body: NaCl, CaCO3, KCl, calcium phosphates

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27
Q

electrolytes

A

substances that conduct an electrical current in solution

all ions

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28
Q

acids

A

sour taste
react with many metals
substance that releases H+ in detectable amounts
proton donors

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29
Q

bases

A

bitter taste
proton acceptors
take up H+ in detectable amounts
common inorganic bases: hydroxides (hydroxyl ion OH_)
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-): abundant in blood
ammonia (NH3): waste product in protein breakdown

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30
Q

neutralization reaction

A

mixing an acid and base to make water and salt

displacement reaction

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31
Q

buffers

A

regulate the acid-base balance
resist abrupt and large changes in pH of body fluids by releasing H+ when pH rises and binding H+ when it drops
blood is highly regulated since it comes in contact with all body organs

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32
Q

strong acids

A

acids that dissolve completely and irreversibly in water

can drastically change pH of a solution

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33
Q

weak acids

A

acids that don’t dissociate completely, less acidic in solution
ex: carbonic acid (H2CO3) and acetic acid (HAc)

34
Q

strong bases

A

dissociate completely in water and quickly tie up H+

ex: hydroxides

35
Q

weak bases

A

ionize incompletely and reversibly, accept relatively few protons
ex: sodium bicarbonate

36
Q

carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

A 
buffer system in blood
carbonic acid (H2CO3) dissociates reversibly, releasing bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and protons (H+)
chemical equilibrium resists changes in blood pH by shifting to HCO3- when pH rises and shifting to H2CO3 when pH decreases
37
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

creation of polymers from monomers
hydrogen atom is removed from a monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from another and then a covalent bond is made between them releasing water

38
Q

hydrolysis

A

degration of molecules

water is added to each covalent bond to be broken down releasing monomers

39
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars and starches
make up 1-2% of a cell’s mass
contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
classified by size as a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide
function is to provide a source of cellular fuel

40
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars
single chain or single-ring structures with three to seven carbon atoms
ex: deoxyribose, glucose, galactose, fructose

41
Q

isomers

A

have same molecular formula but differently arranged atoms giving them different chemical properties

42
Q

disaccharides

A

double sugar
formed from two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis
ex: sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (glucose + glucose)
must be digested before they can be absorbed into blood

43
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis
large, insoluble molecules, ideal storage products
ex: starch and glycogen (polymers of glucose)

44
Q

lipids

A

insoluble in water
dissolve readily in other lipids and in organic solvents (alcohol and ether)
ex: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

45
Q

triglycerides

A

neutral fats
fats or oils
large molecules
provide most efficient and compact form of energy storage
composed of a 3:1 ration of fatty acids and glycerol
function to insulate deeper body tissue from heat loss and mechanical trauma

46
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

have single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

straight and closely packed together at room temperature

47
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
called monounsaturated or polyunsaturated
kink chains so they cannot pack together and solidify
ex: oils

48
Q

trans fats

A

oils that have been solidified by adding H atoms at carbon carbon double bonds
increase risk of heart disease

49
Q

omega-3 fatty acids

A

decrease risk of heart disease and some inflammatory diseases

50
Q

phospholipids

A

di-glycerides (modified triglycerides)
have a non-polar hydrocarbon tail and a polar phosphorus containing head
used for building cellular membranes

51
Q

steriods

A

flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
fat soluble
ex: steroid hormone = cholesterol

52
Q

eicosanoids

A

derived from a 20 carbon fatty acid found in cell membranes
ex: prostaglandins = blood clotting, regulation of blood pressure, inflammation and labor contractions (synthesis and inflammatory actions are blocked by NSAIDs)

53
Q

protein

A

10-30% cell mass, basic structural material of the body
play vital roles in cell functions
ex: enzymes, hemoglobin, contractile proteins in muscles etc.

54
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks of proteins
20 common types
have an amine group (-NH2) and an organic acid group (-COOH)
act as either a base or an acid due to their R group
long chains of amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis through their amine groups on one end and the acid group on another

55
Q

peptide bonds

A

bond between amino acids

56
Q

primary protein structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

backbone of a protein molecule

57
Q

secondary protein structure

A

linear structure of an amino acid twists or bends to form a more complex structure
most common type is an alpha helix

58
Q

alpha helix

A

formed by coiling of primary chain and stabilized by H bonds between NH and CO groups four amino acids apart in the same chain

59
Q

beta pleated sheet

A

primary polypeptide chains are linked side by side by H bonds to form a ribbonlike structure
can link different chains and different parts of the same chain together

60
Q

tertiary structure

A

higher level of protein complexity
superimposed on secondary structure using amino acid R groups
produces globular molecules
hydrophobic R groups go on the inside and hydrophilic R groups on the outside of the protein

61
Q

quaternary structure

A

two or more polypeptide chains aggregate in a regular manner to form a complex protein

62
Q

fibrous or structural proteins

A

extended and strandlike
most have tertiary and quaternary structure
insoluble in water and very stable
ex: collagen, keratin, elastin, contractile proteins of muscle

63
Q

globular or functional proteins

A

compact, spherical proteins
have at least tertiary structure
water soluble, chemically active molecules, play a crucial role in almost all biological processes
ex: antibodies

64
Q

denaturation

A

usually happens to globular proteins
break down protein structure (usually through H bonds) and function through chemical or physical factors
usually reversible
ex: acidity, temperature

65
Q

enzymes

A

globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
keep metabolic pathways flowing
cannot force chemical reactions to occur but speed up reaction rates from 100,000 to 1 billion times

66
Q

holoenzyme

A

functional enzyme consisting of the apoenzyme and a cofactor

67
Q

apoenzyme

A

protein portion of a functional enzyme

68
Q

cofactor

A

ion of a metal element or an organic molecule that assists the reaction in some way

69
Q

coenzymes

A

cofactors derived from a vitamin

70
Q

active site

A

part of enzyme where catalytic activity occurs

71
Q

substrate

A

substance and enzyme acts on

72
Q

hydrolases

A

add water during hydrolysis reactions

73
Q

oxidases

A

oxidize reactants by adding oxygen or removing hydrogen

74
Q

activation energy

A

certain amount of energy absorbed to prime the reaction
alters bonds of the reactants so they can be rearranged to become the product
enzymes decrease activation energy needed to perform reactions at room temperature

75
Q

nucleic acids

A

composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus
two major classes: deoxyribonucleic acids and ribonucleic acids

76
Q

deoxyribonucleic acids

A

DNA
long double stranded polymer with bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine in a double helix
found in nucleus
constitutes genetic material
replicates itself before the cell divides and provides basic instructions for building proteins in the body

77
Q

ribonucleic acids

A

RNA
single stranded molecule made up of adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
located outside the nucleus
many different types

78
Q

nucleotides

A

structural units of nucleic acids

consists of a nitrogen containing base, pentose sugar and phosphate group

79
Q

purines

A

large, two-ring bases

adenine and guanine

80
Q

pyrimidines

A

smaller, single-ring bases

cytosine, thymine and uracil

81
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

synthesis is coupled to energy release during glucose catabolism
primary energy transferring molecule in cells
provides usable energy to body cells
adenine containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups

BIO 204 (5 decks)

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