Chapter 4: The Urinary System (page 24) Flashcards
The urinary system filters the _______, eliminates ___________ produced by cellular metabolism and
regulates blood ______, _________ and ________.
Blood
Organic Wastes
Pressure Volume Composition
The organs of the urinary system include:
**Kidneys (2)
Ureters (2)
Bladder (1)
Urethra (1) **
The bean-shaped kidneys lie __________ on the posterior abdominal wall in the superior lumbar region.
Retroperitoneal
The kidney is convex laterally and has a medial indentation called _______. The ureters, renal blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney at this structure.
Hilus
In order to clean the blood, the renal arteries deliver over 20% of ___________ (1200 mL) to the kidneys each minute.
Cardiac Output
The kidneys extend from ________ and thus, receive some protection from the 12th ribs. An adult kidney is usually ____ long and ____ wide and ____ thick.
T12 - L3
12th rib
12cm **6cm **3cm
____________ - This is the fibrous transparent covering that encloses each kidney.
Renal capsule
Which of the kidneys is in a lower position?
Right kidney
Each kidney contains over 1 million tiny blood-processing units called ________.
Nephrons
What structures will the cross section of the a kidney show?
**Cortex
Medulla
Pyramids
Papilla
Pelvis (renal pelvis)
Calyx **
This is a division of the renal pelvis, to which the papilla of the pyramids open. These collect the urine, which drains the pyramids into the renal pelvis.
Calyx
This structure is the outer part of the kidney.
Cortex
_________ – The triangular divisions of the medulla of the kidney.
Pyramids
________ – The inner portion of the kidney.
Medulla
What are the 2 main parts of the nephron?
Renal Corpsucle
Renal Tubule
The kidney’s nephrons form urine using a series of three processes:
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
This is the network of blood vessels tucked into the Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
This structure is the cup-shaped top of a nephron. This surrounds the glomerulus.
Bowman’s Capsule
_____________ - This is the first segment of a renal tubule.
Proximal convoluted tubule
This is the straight part of the renal tubule. It is the distal tubules of several nephrons which join together to form a single collecting duct.
Collecting Tubule
This is the extension of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
Distal convoluted tubule
___________ - This is the extension of the proximal tubule. It has ________ and _______ parts.
Loop of Henle
Descending
**Ascending **
Waste product produced by the kidneys is called _____. This flows out of the kidney through the _____ into the ___________ where it is stored.
Urine
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
The _________ is the main functional unit of the kidneys.
Nephron
TRUE or FALSE:
In females, the urethra
performs both reproductive and urinary function.
FALSE.
In females, the urinary and reproductive passages are completely separate.
Where does the process of filtration occur and urine formation begin?
Renal corpuscles
_________ of glomerular filtrate is produced every day and nearly all the filtrate is reabsorbed.
180 Litres
Filtration is a passive process and high blood pressure flowing through the _________ pushes water (H2O) and dissolved substances out of this structure and into the __________.
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
This stage of urine formation begins in the _______________, continues in the ____________, then the ________________ and collecting tubules.
- *Proximal convoluted tubules **
- *Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubules**
Water is reabsorbed by _________.
Osmosis
99% of water is reabsorbed.
In healthy kidneys, most of the glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed in the ___________. Glucose in the urine is called _________.
Proximal tubules
Glycouria
This is the process by which substances move into the urine from the capillaries into the distal and collecting tubules.
Tubular Secretion
Hydrogen, potassium, ammonia and certain drugs are secreted from the capillaries into the filtrate.
How does the body control the amount and competition of urine excreted by controlling the amount of water and
dissolved substances?
The body controls this by using** hormones**.
ADH, Aldosterone and ANH
If there is very little or no ADH present there is excessive loss of water from the body because the _________ do not reabsorb any water.
Tubules
When __________ is present in the blood, the collecting tubules are permeable to water, and water is reabsorbed from them, therefore there is less water lost from the body as urine.
Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)
This hormone stimulates the tubules to reabsorb sodium and because ‘water follows salt’ more water gets reabsorbed by the body.
Aldosterone
_________ stimulates kidney tubules to secrete more sodium, therefore, the body will lose more water. This hormone has the opposite effect of __________.
**Natriuretic hormone **(ANH)
_________ – Scanty amounts of urine
Oligouria
_________ – Usually large amounts of urine
Polyuria
This is the absence of urine.
Anuria
____________ is the inability to control urination voluntary.
Incontinence
__________ causes contraction of the bladder wall muscles and relaxation of the internal sphincter.
Emptying reflex
If the bladder fills to capacity, ____________________ occurs and urination occurs.
**Loss of voluntary control of the external sphincter **
