Chapter 1: The Integumentary System (page 4) Flashcards
A thin, soft, pliable layer of tissue that lines a tube or cavity, covers an organ or structure,
or separates one part from another.
Membrane
What are the two types of body membranes?
Epithelial Membranes
Connective Tissue Membranes
This is a type of membrane composed of various types of connective tissue without any epithelial tissues present.
Connective Tissue Membrane
What are the three types of Epithelial Membranes?
Cutaneous Membranes
Serous Membranes
Mucous Membranes
This is the primary organ of the integumentary system and the largest organ of the body.
Skin
(Cutaneous Membrane)
Every sq. cm of skin contains:
- \_\_\_ cm of blood vessels - \_\_\_ cm of nerves - \_\_\_ sweat glands - \_\_\_ oil glands - \_\_\_ sensory receptors
70
55
100
15
230
What are the two layers of Serous Membranes?
Parietal portion (layer)
Visceral portion (layer)
The serous membrane that covers the lungs is called _______ and __________ covers the heart.
Pleura
Pericardium
In the abdominal cavity, the serous membranes is called ______________.
Peritonium
What is the purpose of the serous fluid (in the cavities)?
Decreases friction inside the cavities.
This epithelial membrane lines the body surfaces open directly to the exterior such as the lining of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts.
Mucous Membrane
This is unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains fibers.
Ground Substance
This is embryonic connective tissue, which is a gel-like ground substance containing fine fibers and gives rise to all other types of C.T.
Mesenchyme
This connective tissue is located inside vessels and transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, etc. around the body.
Blood
What are the primary cells of bones called?
Osteocytes
Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance usually found in lymphoid organs. These fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cells types.
Reticular C.T.
This tissue has gel-like matrix with all three fiber types and cells. It wraps and cushions to organs, eliminates bacteria, plays a role in inflammation and holds tissue fluid.
Areolar C.T.
_______________ lines the fibrous capsules surrounding joints where they provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid.
Synovial Membranes
Adipose C.T. functions as ___________, ____________ and ________________.
Insulation
Protection
Fuel reserves
This tissue has the same matrix as Areolar C.T. but very sparse with closely packed fat cells.
Adipose C.T.
This cartilage C.T. covers articular surfaces of bone in joint cavities, composes the costal cartilage of ribs, and is the cartilage of the nose, trachea and larynx.
**Hyaline Cartilage **
This is similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic. It maintains the shape of the structure with allowing flexibility.
Elastic Cartilage
The Epiglottis is made up of what kind of cartilage?
Elastic Cartilage
Located in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and discs in knee. Provide strength with ability to absorb shock.
Fibrocartilage
What are the major types cells found in the Dense CT?
Fibroblast
This tissue is composed of parallel collagen fibers with few elastin fibers. It is mostly found in tendons and
ligaments.
Dense Regular CT
This CT is composed of irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers. It provides structural strength.
Dense Irregular CT
Give three structures in which the Dense Irregular CT is found.
Dermis of the skin
Submucosa layer of the digestive tract
Fibrous capsules of organs and joints
The skin or cutaneous membrane is a sheet-like organ composed of two regions or layers: ____________ and ____________
- *Epidermis **(Outermost layer)
- *Dermis **(Thicker and deeper layer)
What are the layers of the epidermis?
Basal Layer or Stratum Germinativum
Prickly Layer or Stratum Spinosum
**Granular Layer or Stratum Granulosum **
Clear Layer or Stratum Lucidum
Horny Layer or Stratum Corneum
What anchors the skin to the underlying organs but is not considered part of the skin?
Hypodermis
TRUE or FALSE:
In thick skin, which covers the palms, fingertips and soles of the feet, the epidermis consists of six layers.
FALSE.
Five Layers
In thin skin, which covers the rest of the body, there are only four layers of epidermis. What is the ‘missing’ layer?
Clear layer or Stratum lucidum
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
Basal Layer or Stratum Germinativum
The Basal layer (Stratum Germinativum) mostly consists of a single layer of ___________. __________ and _________ can also be found in this layer as well.
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel Cells
____________ is the second deepest layer of the epidermis. And it is actually several cell layers thick consisting of ________ and ___________.
Prickly Layer or Stratum Spinosum
Langerhans’ cells
**Keratinocytes **
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
Horny Layer or Stratum Corneum
_____________ (cells) are dead in this Stratum Corneum and flake off daily by the millions.
Keratinocytes
TRUE or FALSE:
The Stratum Corneum is 20 to 30 layers thick and accounts for 10-20% of the epidermis’ thickness.
FALSE.
It accounts for up to 75% of epidermis’ thickness.
__________ and ___________ of cells in the most superficial layer of the skinprotect the body against abrasion and penetration (waterproof).
Keratin
Thickened Plasma Membranes
This is the layer where the keratinocytes flatten and
their nuclei and organelles disintegrate, the plasma membrane thickens and fills with keratin.
**Granular Layer or Stratum Granulosum **
Why does the cells in the Granular Layer die?
Because this layer is far away from the dermis, it does not receive adequate nutrients from
capillaries located in the dermis.
Clear Layer or Stratum Lucidum is only present in __________ and consists of a few rows of clear, flattened, dead keratinocytes.
Thick Skin
What are the four cells of the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel Cells
Langerhans’ Cells
What is responsible for the differences in skin colour?
Differences in skin colour can depend on the kind and amount of melanin made.
These cells arise from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis where they act as macrophages, which helps activate our immune system.
**Langerhans’ Cells **
This gives skin a pinkish hue especially to fair skinned individuals due to the oxygen in hemoglobin in red blood cells. If O2 is low the skin appears blue in colour.
Hemoglobin
This pigment produces a yellowish tinge to skin colour especially in palms of hands and soles of feet.
Carotene
Carotene accumulates in the ________ of the epidermis.
Horny Layer or Stratum Corneum
Melanocytes of black and brown skinned people produce more ______ and darker ______ than fair-skinned individuals. What is this pigment?
Melanin
TRUE or FALSE:
Keratinocytes of darker skinned individuals retain melanin longer than fair-skinned individuals.
TRUE.
__________ is a tough, waterproof, fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties.
Keratin
_____________ are responsible for the close connections of the cells to one another. It is a tissue that connects adjacent epithelial cells.
Desmosomes
TRUE or FALSE:
Melanocytes are less active when we expose our skin to sunlight.
FALSE.
They are more active.
__________ are specialized epithelial cells synthesize the pigment melanin and are found in the __________ of the epidermis.
Melanocytes
Deepest Layer
Merkel cells are located in small numbers at the _____________.
Epidermal-dermal Junction
What are the Appendages of the Skin?
Hair
Nails
Skin Glands
The ____________ holds the major portions of hair follicles, oil and sweat glands.
Dermis
Name the 2 layers of the dermis.
Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer
__________ of the dermis help to form the ridges and grooves that make fingerprints possible.
Dermal papillae
The dermal papillae form an important part of the _____________ junction.
Epidermal-dermal Junction
The more superficial layer of the dermis is the ____________.
Papillary Layer
The Reticular Layer makes up ____ % of the dermis.
80
This skin layer is responsible for binding the entire body together like a giant body stocking.
Dermis
What is Striae?
Striae are silvery white scars which indicates dermal tearing due to extreme stretching of the skin.
This condition is the separation of the epidermis and dermis layers by a fluid filled pocket.
Blister
What is hair made of (cells)?
Keratinized cells (Hard Keratin)
This structure shields our eyes and filters the air we breathe through our nose.
Hair
Hair growth begins when cells in the epidermis layer grow down into the dermis and forms a
small tube called ___________.
Hair Follicle
Identify three causes of abnormal hair growth.
- *Increased local dermal blood flow** due to chronic physical irritation or inflammation
* *Increase in testosterone**
* *Adrenal gland tumors** (causes an increase in secretion of hormones)
______________ is the visible part of the hair, which projects from the skin. It determines if the hair will be curly or straight.
Shaft of the hair
In a cross section of the hair, if the shaft is flat the hair will be _____. If it is oval the hair is ______. If it is round the hair will be ________.
Kinky
Wavy
Straight
This is a bundle of smooth muscles associated to the hair follicle which is responsible for goosebumps (as a response to cold or fear).
Arrector Pili
This is the part that is embedded in the skin.
Root
This type of body hair tends to be pale and fine. These are usually found in children and adult females.
Vellus Hair
___________ is coarser hair usually of eyebrows and scalp. At puberty this type of hair will appear in axillary and pubic regions of both sexes. Also appears on face and chest of males.
Terminal Hair
What makes the nails normally appear pink?
Because of the rich bed of capillaries in the nail bed
What is the crescent shaped white area (half moon) near the root of the nail?
Lunula
What are the four components to a typical nail?
Nail Root
Lunula
Nail Body
Cuticle
Nails form when epidermal cells on the dorsal surface of the distal ends of the fingers and toes fill with _______, and become ________ and ______.
Hard Keratin
Hard and Plate-like
What are the two types of skin glands in the body?
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
What are the classifications of the sudoriferous glands?
Eccrine
Apocrine
Ceruminous
Mammary
What are modified sweat glands which secrete milk?
Mammary glands
__________ glands secrete sweat and are more numerous than the other types of sudoriferous glands.
Eccrine
_________ type of glands are found in the axillary and genital areas. These secrete sweat along with fatty substances and proteins.
Apocrine
Where are the ceruminous glands found?
Lining of the external ear canal
Sebaceous glands secrete a substance called Sebum. What is the function of Sebum?
It softens and lubricates the hair and skin
This is the active inflammation of the sebaceous glands, which results in pimples on the skin.
Acne
If a sebaceous gland duct becomes blocked by accumulated sebum, _________ will appear on the skin surface. If the material becomes oxidized and dries, it darkens to become _________.
Whiteheads
Blackheads
What are the 6 general functions of the skin?
- Protection
- Body temperature regulation
- Sensory Reception
- Metabolic Functions
- Blood Reservoir
- Excretion
The skin is able to use sunlight to produce ________ for the body’s needs.
Vitamin D
Fill in the blanks: The more the body sweats, the more heat is lost through _________; and the more superficial blood is, the more heat is lost by _________.
Evaporation;
Radiation
What is the medium used by the body to secrete waste, water and sodium chloride through the skin?
Sweat
How are burns classified?
Burns are classified based on the number of tissue layers involved in the burn
Identify possible causes of burns.
Fire
Skin contact with a hot surface
UV light
Electric current
Harmful chemicals
Radiation
When the body needs this blood, the body forces the blood internally out of the skin into internal organs. This describes the skin’s function as a ____________.
Blood Reservoir
_________________ make it possible for the body surface to act as a sensory organ relaying messages to the brain concerning touch, pain, temperature and pressure.
Skin/ Cutaneous Receptors
Why is there usually no pain immediately after a third degree burn?
Due to destruction of Nerve endings
________________: Only the epidermis is involved. The affected layers may peel and there is no blistering.
First Degree Burn
Second degree burns involve the ___________ and ___________ layers.
Deep epidermis
Top portion of the dermis
______________: In this type of burn, blisters, severe pain, fluid loss and scarring are common manifestations.
Second Degree burn
TRUE or FALSE:
In a third degree burn, there may be involvement of bone and muscles.
TRUE.
There is also greater risk for infection.
What do the letters ‘ABCD’ in the rule for recognizing Melanoma stand for?
A = Asymmetry
B = Border irregularity
C = Colour
D = Diameter
Homeostatic imbalances of the skin manifest as __________ and ____________.
Infections and Allergies
What are the three types of skin cancer?
**Basal Cell Carcinoma **
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?
Malignant Melanoma
This is cancer of melanocytes.
What is the most common skin cancer?
Basal Cell Carcinoma
This type is 99% curable.
This type of skin cancer appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules with a pearly beaded edge.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
This type of skin cancer is fast growing and can affect lymph nodes if not treated.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma arises from ________________ of the epidermis.
Keratinocytes of Stratum Spinosum
_________________ tends to be small round and elevated and found on scalp, ears, dorsum of hand and lower lips.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
