Chapter 3: The Respiratory System (page 18) Flashcards
What are the four processes that comprise respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Transport of respiratory gases
Internal respiration
The respiratory system serves as an air distributor and gas exchanger for the body. It ensures that ________ is
supplied and __________ is removed from the body.
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
____________ - At systemic capillaries, gas exchange must be made between the blood and tissue cells.
Internal Respiration
____________ - This is the gas exchange (O2 and CO2) between the blood and the air sacs in the lungs.
External Respiration
_______________ - Air movement in and out of the lungs so that gases in the air sacs of the lungs are constantly changed and refreshed.
Pulmonary Ventilation
____________ - The nose is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system. The nasal cavity lies in and posterior to the external nose.
Nose and Nasal Cavity
There are 6 parts to the external nose. Identify them.
Root
Bridge and dorsum nasi
Apex
Philtrum
**External nares **
**Ala of nose **
This is the vertical groove just inferior to the apex of the nose.
Philtrum
The ______ of the nose is in the area between the eyebrows.
Root
The skeletal framework of the external nose consists of _____ and ______ bones superiorly forming its bridge. The ______ bones laterally and flexible plates of ______________ inferiorly.
Nasal and Frontal (Superiorly)
Maxillary (Laterally)
Hyaline Cartilage (Inferiorly)
What are the structures consisting of the nasal cavity?
- *a)** Nasal septum
- *b) ** Internal nares
- *c)** Roof
- *d)** Floor (Palate)
- *e)** Vestibule
- *f)** Superior, middle and inferior conchae
The rest of the nasal cavity is lined with ___________ and ___________. The roof of the nasal cavity contains ______________.
Olfactory Mucosa and Respiratory Mucosa
Olfactory Receptors
This divides the nasal cavity. It is formed anteriorly by hyaline cartilage and posteriorly by the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
Nasal Septum
_________ - The nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with the nasal portion of the pharynx through this structure.
Internal Nares
Also known as Posterior Nares
The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by the _______ and ________ bones of skull.
Ethmoid and Sphenoid
These structures increase the surface area of nasal cavity, and allow more dust, particles, etc. to become trapped so it does not enter the lungs.
Superior, middle and inferior conchae
Anteriorly, the palate is supported by the _______ and _________, and is called the hard palate. Posteriorly, the palate is composed of muscle called the ___________.
Maxillary processes and Palatine bones
Soft palate
What are the four paranasal sinuses present around the nasal cavity?
- *a) ** Frontal paranasal
- *b) ** Maxillary paranasal
- *c)** Sphenoidal paranasal
- *d)** Ethmoidal paranasal
Identify the function of the nose and paranasal sinuses
Provides an airway for respiration.
The nose and sinuses produce mucus which helps to filter incoming air.
Superficial blood vessels in the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity help to warm and moisten incoming air.
Olfactory receptors in nose sense smell.
The nose and paranasal sinuses serve as resonant chambers for the production of speech and the sinuses lighten the skull.
__________ - The funnel-shaped tube that connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus and is a common passageway for food and air
Pharynx
What are the are three subdivisions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
The lingual tonsils are located over the ______________.
Base of the tongue
The pharynx is also called ______ and is approximately ___ cm long from the base of the skull to the ___ cervical vertebra.
The Throat
13
6th
Nasopharynx is located _______ to the nasal cavity, _______ to the sphenoid bone and _______ to the level of the soft palate.
Posterior
Inferior
Superior
A pair of ___________ lead from the middle ear and opens into the nasopharynx. They drain the middle ear and allow for equalization of air pressure between the middle and exterior ear.
Eustachian (Auditory) Tubes
At the ridge of the pharyngeal mucosa there is an area called the ___________.
Tubal Tonsil
It helps protect the middle ear from infection.
__________ lies posterior to the oral cavity and extends inferiorly from the soft palate to the epiglottis and has both respiratory and digestive function.
Oropharynx
______________ lies posterior to the epiglottis and extends to the larynx and has both respiratory and digestive functions.
Laryngopharynx
_______ help to expose inhaled antigens to the immune system.
Tonsils
______ is also called the voice box and is about 5 cm long.
It extends from the level of the ______ to the _____ cervical vertebra.
Larynx
fourth
sixth
Superiorly, the larynx attaches to the_________ and opens into the laryngopharynx. Inferiorly, it opens into the _______.
Hyoid bone
Trachea
What is the largest of the cartilages which make up the larynx?
Thyroid cartilage
The laryngeal cartilages are made up of _________ except for the epiglottis, which is made up of __________.
Hyaline
Elastin
The glottis is the space between the __________.
Vocal cords
__________ are two fibrous bands that stretch across the interior larynx.
Vocal cords
What is the function of the epiglottis?
The epiglottis helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract.
True vocal cords are formed by __________. Superior to these, there are ___________ or false vocal cords (which do not play any part in sound production).
Vocal ligaments
Vestibular folds
Speech involves intermittent release of expired air and _________________ of the glottis. The glottis is ______ when we produce deep sounds and is ______ for high-pitched sounds.
Opening and Closing
Wide
Narrow
As the length and tension of the vocal folds change, the pitch of the sound is altered. The tenser the vocal folds, the \_(speed)_ they vibrate and the _______ the pitch.
Faster
Higher
Why do the voices of the boys become deeper at puberty?
Because vocal folds become both longer and thicker causing them to vibrate more slowly
Sound not only depends on vocal folds but also the co-ordinated activity with the _________ to amplify/enhance sound.
Pharynx
_____________ is a flexible tube that divides into two primary bronchi. It is between ______ cm long and ____ cm wide.
Trachea
10 to 12
2.5
The trachea is also called the windpipe.
The walls of the trachea contain __________ that are incomplete posteriorly. It also has _______ lining its passageway.
C-shaped cartilage
Cilia
The posterior part of the C-shaped rings are connected by smooth muscle fibres of the trachealis and soft connective tissue. What is the purpose of this structure?
This structure allows the esophagus to expand anteriorly when swallowing food.
This action compresses the lungs and exerts pressure on any object lodged in the trachea, hopefully expelling it.
Heimlich Maneuver
(Abdominal Thrust)
This marks the point where the trachea ends by splitting into two branches. The mucosa of this area is very sensitive and when a foreign object makes contact with it, violent coughing occurs.
Carina
The mucosa (inner layer) contains _______ and ______ that lines the trachea which continually pushes mucus upward towards the ______ and helps to clean, warm and moisten the incoming air.
Goblet cells
Cilia
Pharynx
What structure prevents the trachea from collapsing?
C-shaped hyaline cartilages
What layer of the tracheal wall produces sheets of mucous within the trachea?
The submucosa (middle) layer
The right and left primary bronchi are formed by the division of the trachea approximately at the level of ____.
T5
(5th thoracic vertebra)
The __________ is wider, shorter and more vertical than the ___________; therefore, __________ is a more common site for an inhaled object to become lodged.
**Right primary bronchus **
Left primary bronchus
Right primary bronchus
The primary tubes subdivide within the lungs to form smaller secondary bronchi tubes, ____ on the right and ____ on the left each of which supply one lung lobe.
Three
Two
The branches that are under _____ in diameter are called bronchioles.
1 mm
Since cilia or mucus-producing cells are not present in the bronchioles, any debris found in the bronchioles is usually removed by __________.
Macrophages
Bronchioles subdivide into microscopic tubes called ___________. Each of these ends in several _________ (looks like a cluster of grapes), and the wall of these is made up of numerous _______ (looks like a single grape).
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Alveoli’s external surface is intimately associated with ____________ for gaseous exchange.
Pulmonary Capillaries
What prevents the collapse of the alveoli after each expiration?
Surfactant
Secretion produced by certain alveolar cells.
The alveoli are the ___________ because of their extremely thin walls.
Main site of gas exchange
The lungs lie in close contact with the ribs and form a
continuously curving surface called a ____________.
Costal Surface
The __________ produce lubricating fluid for the lungs to reduce friction.
Pleura
The left lung has two lobes (upper and lower) which are divided by the __________. The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle and lower) which are divided by the ____________________.
Oblique fissure
Oblique and horizontal fissure
The smallest subdivision of the lung that can be seen with the naked eye is the _______. They look like hexagons and range in size from a pencil eraser to the size of a penny.
Lobule
On the medial surface of each lung there is an indentation called ________. This is where blood vessels of the pulmonary and systemic circulation enter and leave the lungs.
Hilus
The _____ of the lungs lies just deep to the clavicle.The inferior surface rests on the diaphragm and is called the ______.
Apex
Base
___________ is the membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the respiratory system.
Respiratory Mucosa
The _____________ is a single layer of cells that make up the walls of the alveoli and separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in the surrounding capillaries.
Respiratory Membrane
The mechanics of breathing is called pulmonary ventilation and has two phases:
Inspiration
Expiration
The diaphragm is the most important muscles of inspiration and is innervated by the ____________.
Phrenic Nerve
During normal quiet inspiration only the _________ and ___________ contract.
Diaphragm
External Intercostals
Contraction of the __________ makes the chest cavity longer from top to bottom. Contraction of the _______________ increases the size of the thoracic cavity from front to back.
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
The contraction of the inspiration muscles increases the _____________ and decreases the air pressure within the lungs, which draws air into the lungs.
Intrapulmonary volume
This property of the lungs causes them to recoil and decreases in size causing a decrease in intrapulmonary volume.
Elasticity of the lungs
TRUE or FALSE:
Normal quiet expiration is an active process that involves the eccentric contraction of muscles of inspiration.
FALSE.
Normal quiet expiration is a passive process that begins when the muscles of inspiration relax.
In forced expiration, mainly the abdominal and ______________ contract.
Internal intercostal muscles
The __________ push the internal organs against the diaphragm causing it to become more dome-shaped and the ____________ depress the rib cage and both act to decrease the size and therefore the volume of the thoracic cavity.
Abdominal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
The exchange of gas between the blood and alveolar air occurs by __________ due to the blood in the lung capillaries being low in O2 and alveolar air being high in O2.
Passive diffusion
Within the lungs the pulmonary arteries branch and finally feed into the _____________, which surround the alveoli.
Pulmonary Capillary Network
Oxygen is used by cells during their metabolic activities, which in turn produces ________, and ___________, which then leaves the cells into the interstitial fluid. It then moves through the tissue capillary membrane and back out into the blood via the process of __________.
Carbon dioxide
Metabolic waste
Diffusion
__________ - Normal quiet breathing moving about 500 ml in and out of the lungs.
Tidal Volume
_______________ - Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume. Between 2100 and 3200 mL.
Inspiratory reserve volume
____________ - Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after tidal volume.
Expiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume is approximately ________ mL.
1200
_____________ - Even after strenuous expiration there is about 1200 mL still in the lungs that cannot be voluntarily expelled. And this allows gas exchange to continue between breaths.
Residual volume
_________ refers to laboured or difficult breathing often associated with hypoventilation.
Dyspnea
Eupnea – Refers to _________ respiratory rate.
Normal
____________ – Failure to breathe after a prolonged period of apnea.
Respiratory Arrest
____________ refers to very rapid respiration. Meanwhile, ____________ refers to very slow or shallow respiration.
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
When the body is at rest, on average, we take ______ breaths per minute. When we move about and exercise we use more O2 and, therefore, we _______ our respiration.
12 to 18
increase
Nervous impulses that stimulate the respiratory muscles originate in respiratory control centres in the ________ and _______ of the brain.
Medulla
Pons
The _________ can also influence respiration by modifying neuron firing in the medulla.
Cerebral cortex
Automatic adjustments (__________) happen in our bodies when more oxygen is required.
Homeostasis
