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A & P III > Chapter 2: The Cardiovascular System (page 11) > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Cardiovascular System (page 11) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the are two kinds of connective tissue that make blood cells for the body?

A

Myeloid

Lymphatic

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2
Q

This type of connective tissue produces some lymphocytes and monocytes in lymph nodes, thymus and spleen.

A

Lymphatic CT

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3
Q

Myeloid C.T. is chiefly produced in which bones?

A

Sternum

Ribs

Hipbones

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4
Q

___________ forms all types of blood cells except some lymphocytes and monocytes.

A

Myeloid CT

Also known as Red Bone Marrow

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5
Q

The liquid (extracellular) part of the blood is called ________ in which the formed elements of the blood are suspended.

A

Plasma

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6
Q

______________ is the liquid part of blood; it is non-living.

A

Blood Plasma

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7
Q

Blood plasma consists of _____ and dissolved substances such as ___________________ etc. The most abundant type of solutes (dissolved substances) in plasma are ___________.

A

** Water**

** Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste
products**

Plasma proteins

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8
Q

_____________ is the plasma minus its clotting factors.

A

Blood serum

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9
Q

Usually people have between _______litres of blood and accounts for ________ body weight.

A

** 4 to 6**

7% to 9%

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10
Q

Red Blood Cells or __________: Mature RBC can circulate up to __ months before they break apart.

A

Erythrocytes

** 4**

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11
Q

The main function of ____ is to circulate gases (O2 and CO2 ).

A

RBC

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12
Q

Hemoglobin (red pigment) in RBC’S unites with oxygen to form ________.

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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13
Q

Anemia/Pernicious anemia/Polycythemia/Iron _______ anemia

A

Deficiency

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14
Q

White Blood Cells or _________
WBC’s defend the body from __________ that have invaded body tissues or the bloodstream.

A

Leukocytes

** Microorganisms**

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15
Q

3 Types of WBC

A

Macrophages

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

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16
Q

Macrophages
Chief ________. They derive from circulating WBC’s called ______ . ________ leave
the bloodstream and enter the tissues. They enlarge and develop into macrophages.

A

Phagocytes

Monocytes

** Monocytes**

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17
Q

___________ are macrophages in the liver and alveolar cells in the lungs. They are fixed
macrophages and are permanent residents of these particular organs.

A

Kupffer cells

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18
Q

_______ are the most abundant type of WBC. They are also ________ when they encounter infectious material.

A

Neutrophils

Phagocytic

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19
Q

_________ - Weak phagocytes but defend the body against _________.

A

Eosinophils

Parasitic worms

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20
Q

___________ - Its main role is for blood clotting.

A

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

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21
Q

How blood clots:
Injury occurs to blood vessel. Damaged cells in the wall of the injured vessel release certain clotting factors into the blood plasma. The release of these clotting factors form a substance called _________ .

________ become sticky at the point of injury forming a platelet plug. As platelets accumulate, they release additional clotting factors forming even more ____________.

A

Prothrombin activator

Platelets

Prothrombin activator

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22
Q

The prothrombin activator triggers the next step in blood clotting by changing prothrombin to ___________.

A

Thrombin

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23
Q

The last step for blood clotting is when thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to change it to a fibrous gel called ________.

A

Fibrin

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24
Q

_________ is a triangular-shaped muscular transport system pump, which continuously propels oxygen, nutrients, wastes, etc. into the interconnecting blood vessels.

A

The heart

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25
Q

The heart located in the chest, with the apex pointing ________ towards the ________.

A

Inferiorly

Left hip

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26
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium (outer layer)
Myocardium (cardiac muscle)
Endocardium (inner most layer)

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27
Q

The heart is enclosed in a serous membrane called the ________ .

A

Pericardium

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28
Q

The pericardium has two layers called the _______ and ________ pericardium (epicardium).

A

Parietal

Visceral

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29
Q

The heart is a hollow organ which has four chambers: Name them.

A

The right and left atria
The right and left ventricles

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30
Q

The internal partition that separates the heart longitudinally is the __________ , which
divides the two atria, and the ___________, which separates the two ventricles.

A

Interatrial septum

** Interventricular septum**

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31
Q

There are four valves in the heart that control and direct blood flow: Name them and their locations.

A
  • *There are two atrioventricular valves :
    a) Bicuspid valve (mitral valve) – located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
    b) Tricuspid valve – located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

There are two semilunar valves :

a) Pulmonary semilunar valve – located at beginning of pulmonary artery.
b) Aortic semilunar valve – located at beginning of aorta.**

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32
Q

Contraction of the heart is called __________ .

A

Systole

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33
Q

Relaxation of the heart is called ________ .

A

Diastole

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34
Q

The _________ includes all events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during one complete heartbeat.

A

Cardiac cycle

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35
Q

The atria contracts first (___________), forcing the blood into the ventricles. Then the atria relaxes (___________). Once filled, the ventricles contract (___________), forcing the blood out of the heart into the body. Then the ventricles relax (______).

A

Atrial systole

Atrial diastole

Ventricular systole

Ventricular diastole

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36
Q

Each _______ is one complete contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles of the heart. Each cycle takes about ____ seconds to complete if the heart is beating at an average rate of ___ beats per minute.

A

Cardiac cycle

** 0.8**

75

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38
Q

The heart acts as two separate pumps:

  1. Right side – ________ circuit pump
  2. Left side – _________ circuit pump
A

Pulmonary

Systemic

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43
Q

Blood entering the right atrium is oxygen ______. After entering the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the right ___________ and into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts blood is pumped through the pulmonary __________
valve into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs, where oxygen is added and CO2 is
removed.

A

** Poor (deoxygenated)**

Atrioventricular
valve (tricuspid valve)

Semilunar

43
Q

______ of the heart is the systemic circuit pump and forms the systemic circulatory route.
Systemic circulation involves the movement of blood from the ___ ventricle throughout the
body as a whole.

A

Left side

Left

44
Q 
Blood first enters the \_\_\_\_\_   atrium through four pulmonary  veins, which is now carrying
 oxygen rich (oxygenated) blood.
 After entering the \_\_\_\_ atrium,   the blood is pumped through  the  left  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and into the left  ventricle.
A

Left

** Left**

Atrioventricular valve
(Bicuspid valve)

44
Q

When the left ventricle contracts, blood is pumped through the _______ valve into the aorta and distributed to the entire body.

A

** Aortic semilunar**

45
Q

The _______ (muscle of the heart) requires a constant supply of blood containing oxygen and nutrients.

A

Myocardium

45
Q

___________ is responsible for supplying oxygen and nutrient-rich blood into the heart and returning oxygen-poor blood to the venous system. Blood flows to the heart muscle by way of the right and left ________.
.

A

Coronary circulation

Coronary arteries

46
Q

If the coronary arteries become blocked the heart muscle cells become deprived of oxygen and die or become damaged. This is known as a _______________.

A

Myocardial Infraction (Heart attack)

51
Q

____________ – Severe chest pain resulting when the myocardium is deprived of sufficient oxygen and is often a warning of an impending MI.

A

** Angina pectoris**

51
Q

These are the aorta’s first branches and lie behind the flaps of the aortic semilunar valve.

A

Coronary Arteries

52
Q

This is when veins from other parts of the body are used to bypass blockages in the coronary arteries.

A

Coronary Bypass Surgery

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

52
Q

It is termed the pacemaker of the heart as it starts each heartbeat and sets the pace from the whole heart.

A

Sinoatrial node

The most important node in the nodal system.

53
Q

This system causes depolarization in only one direction, from the atria to the
ventricles, so the heart beats in one co-ordinated direction.

A

Intrinsic conduction system (Nodal system)

53
Q

From the sinoatrial node the impulse spreads: Sinoatrial node –> _____________ (causing atria contraction) –> atrioventricular bundle –> bundle branches –> _________ (causing contraction of the ventricles)

A

Atrioventricular Node

Purkinje Fibers

54
Q

The _______ can cause the heart to increase or decrease its activity depending on the activity of the body.

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

54
Q

The walls of all the blood vessels except _________ are composed of three distinct layers or tunics.

A

Capillaries

55
Q

What are the three distinct layers or tunics of the blood vessel walls?

A

**Tunica externa (Adventitia)
Tunica media
Tunica intima **

55
Q

What layer of the wall consists mostly smooth muscle and elastin?

A

Tunica media

It is the middle layer

56
Q

___________ is the innermost layer, containing ________.

A

Tunica Intima

56
Q

What are the are three main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

57
Q

What are the largest veins?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

58
Q

Capillary walls are composed of only one layer of _____________.

A

Tunica Intima

59
Q

The _______ is the largest artery in the body.

A

Aorta

60
Q

_____________ guard the entrance to the capillary and determine into which capillary blood will flow.

A

Precapillary sphincters

61
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

The capillaries serve as exchange vessels for nutrient, wastes and fluids.

62
Q

Arteries subdivide into vessels that become smaller and finally become tiny __________.

A

Arterioles

63
Q

The function of _________ is to distribute nutrients, gases, etc with the movement of blood under high pressure and assist in arterial blood pressure.

A

Arteries

64
Q

______________ are the exchange sites of nutrients and respiratory gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid.

A

Capillary beds

65
Q

Veins have a unique structural feature not present in arteries – __________. These prevent back flow of blood. These valves are formed by a fold in the _______________.

A

Valves

Tunica Intima

66
Q

Specialized blood vessels in the fetus must carry the fetal blood to the ________ where exchange of nutrients and oxygen occurs, then these vessels must return the blood back to the fetus.

A

Placenta

67
Q

What are the specialized blood vessels responsible for fetal circulation?

A

Two small umbilical arteries (Oxygen poor blood)
One large umbilical vein (Oxygenated blood)

68
Q

___________ is the continuation of umbilical vein. This structure allows blood to bypass the
fetus’ liver and move directly into the _____________.

A

Ductus venosus

Inferior vena cava

69
Q

This connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery iin the fetus.

A

Ductus arteriosus

70
Q

This allows blood to bypass lungs by moving blood from right atrium directly into left atrium of the fetus.

A

Foramen Ovale

71
Q

__________________ is a measurement of the force of blood flowing against the walls of the arteries. This force keeps the blood continuously circulating even between heartbeats.

A

Blood Pressure

72
Q

___________ – Pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction
_________ – Pressure when the ventricles are relaxing

A

**Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure **

73
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Blood pressure in veins and capillaries are not measured.

A

FALSE.

The pressure in veins changes very little during the cardiac cycle and the blood pressure in capillaries is also quite low due to their fragile state and permeability.

74
Q

What are the factors that have effects on blood pressure?

A

Nervous system

Kidneys

Temperature

Chemicals

Diet

**Strength of heart contractions **

Heart rate

75
Q

The ____________ controls vasoconstriction of vessels which increases blood pressure. This constriction is controlled by the ________ of the brain.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

Medulla

76
Q

Nicotine ________ B/P by causing vasoconstriction.
Alcohol __________ B/P by causing vasodilation.

A

Increases

Decreases

77
Q

To prevent _________, you need a diet low in salt, saturated fats and cholesterol.

A

Hypertension

78
Q

Why is there decreased BP with faster heart rate?

A

Usually with a fast heartbeat, the ventricles do not have time to completely fill, therefore less blood leaves the heart, resulting in a lower blood pressure.

79
Q

The volume of blood that leaves the heart is called __________.

A

Stroke Volume

80
Q

A strong heart beat results in a high stroke volume, resulting in ___________ blood pressure.

A

Increased

81
Q

When BP decreases, kidneys ___________, increasing blood volume therefore increasing BP.

A

Retain water

82
Q

The colder you are, the more ___________, the more B/P will __________. Heat has opposite effect.

A

Vasoconstriction

Increase

83
Q

This is a serious disease which can progress without any symptoms for first 10 to 20 years. It can slowly strain the heart and damage arteries.

A

Chronic Hypertension

It is often called the silent killer.

84
Q

Normal range of Blood Pressure in an adult:

Systolic: ________ mmHg
Diastolic: ________mmHg

A
  • *100-140** mmHg
    • *75-80** mmHg
85
Q

This is the condition in which systolic pressure is below 100 mmHg. This is associated with long life and old age free of illness.

A

Hypotension

86
Q

What causes orthostatic pressure (orthostatic hypotension)?

A

It is caused by blood pooling in lower
limbs, postural changes and not enough blood getting to the brain.

87
Q

This is a decrease in blood pressure which causes dizziness when you suddenly stand.

A

Orthostatic Hypotension

88
Q

Chronic hypotension can be caused by ________ and _______________.

A

**Poor nutrition **

Inadequate levels of blood protein

89
Q

____________ is a condition where blood vessels do not have enough blood therefore blood cannot circulate normally. This may be caused by acute hypotension.

A

Circulatory Shock

90
Q

What are the factors that may cause hypertension?

A

Fever

Physical exertion

Emotionally upset or Anger or Fear

Diet

Obesity

Heredity

Race

(Levels of) Stress

91
Q

Blood pressure reading 140/90 mmHg over a period of time is considered as ___________.

A

Hypertension

The systolic pressure can also read as high as 160/90 mmHg (plus) to be considered high.

92
Q

A _______ is actually an artery expanding and recoiling. Average rate is _________ beats per minute in an average resting person.

A

Pulse

70 - 76 beats per minute

93
Q

There are _______ pulse points through the body.

A

**Nine **

94
Q

Identify the locations of the pulse points in the body.

A

Over the superficial temporal artery in front of the superior part of the ear
The common carotid artery in the neck along the front edge of the SCM muscle
Over the facial artery at the lower margin of the mandible angle
Over the brachial artery over the bend in the elbow
At the radial artery in the wrist
Over the femoral artery in the groin
At the popliteal artery behind the knee
At the dorsalis pedis artery on the front surface of the foot
Over the posterior tibial artery behind the medial malleolus

A & P III (4 decks)

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