Chapter 2: The Cardiovascular System (page 11) Flashcards
What are the are two kinds of connective tissue that make blood cells for the body?
Myeloid
Lymphatic
This type of connective tissue produces some lymphocytes and monocytes in lymph nodes, thymus and spleen.
Lymphatic CT
Myeloid C.T. is chiefly produced in which bones?
Sternum
Ribs
Hipbones
___________ forms all types of blood cells except some lymphocytes and monocytes.
Myeloid CT
Also known as Red Bone Marrow
The liquid (extracellular) part of the blood is called ________ in which the formed elements of the blood are suspended.
Plasma
______________ is the liquid part of blood; it is non-living.
Blood Plasma
Blood plasma consists of _____ and dissolved substances such as ___________________ etc. The most abundant type of solutes (dissolved substances) in plasma are ___________.
** Water**
** Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste
products**
Plasma proteins
_____________ is the plasma minus its clotting factors.
Blood serum
Usually people have between _______litres of blood and accounts for ________ body weight.
** 4 to 6**
7% to 9%
Red Blood Cells or __________: Mature RBC can circulate up to __ months before they break apart.
Erythrocytes
** 4**
The main function of ____ is to circulate gases (O2 and CO2 ).
RBC
Hemoglobin (red pigment) in RBC’S unites with oxygen to form ________.
Oxyhemoglobin
Anemia/Pernicious anemia/Polycythemia/Iron _______ anemia
Deficiency
White Blood Cells or _________
WBC’s defend the body from __________ that have invaded body tissues or the bloodstream.
Leukocytes
** Microorganisms**
3 Types of WBC
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Macrophages
Chief ________. They derive from circulating WBC’s called ______ . ________ leave
the bloodstream and enter the tissues. They enlarge and develop into macrophages.
Phagocytes
Monocytes
** Monocytes**
___________ are macrophages in the liver and alveolar cells in the lungs. They are fixed
macrophages and are permanent residents of these particular organs.
Kupffer cells
_______ are the most abundant type of WBC. They are also ________ when they encounter infectious material.
Neutrophils
Phagocytic
_________ - Weak phagocytes but defend the body against _________.
Eosinophils
Parasitic worms
___________ - Its main role is for blood clotting.
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
How blood clots:
Injury occurs to blood vessel. Damaged cells in the wall of the injured vessel release certain clotting factors into the blood plasma. The release of these clotting factors form a substance called _________ .
________ become sticky at the point of injury forming a platelet plug. As platelets accumulate, they release additional clotting factors forming even more ____________.
Prothrombin activator
Platelets
Prothrombin activator
The prothrombin activator triggers the next step in blood clotting by changing prothrombin to ___________.
Thrombin
The last step for blood clotting is when thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to change it to a fibrous gel called ________.
Fibrin
_________ is a triangular-shaped muscular transport system pump, which continuously propels oxygen, nutrients, wastes, etc. into the interconnecting blood vessels.
The heart
The heart located in the chest, with the apex pointing ________ towards the ________.
Inferiorly
Left hip
What are the three layers of the heart?
Epicardium (outer layer)
Myocardium (cardiac muscle)
Endocardium (inner most layer)
The heart is enclosed in a serous membrane called the ________ .
Pericardium
The pericardium has two layers called the _______ and ________ pericardium (epicardium).
Parietal
Visceral
The heart is a hollow organ which has four chambers: Name them.
The right and left atria
The right and left ventricles
The internal partition that separates the heart longitudinally is the __________ , which
divides the two atria, and the ___________, which separates the two ventricles.
Interatrial septum
** Interventricular septum**
There are four valves in the heart that control and direct blood flow: Name them and their locations.
- *There are two atrioventricular valves :
a) Bicuspid valve (mitral valve) – located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
b) Tricuspid valve – located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
There are two semilunar valves :
a) Pulmonary semilunar valve – located at beginning of pulmonary artery.
b) Aortic semilunar valve – located at beginning of aorta.**
Contraction of the heart is called __________ .
Systole
Relaxation of the heart is called ________ .
Diastole
The _________ includes all events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during one complete heartbeat.
Cardiac cycle
The atria contracts first (___________), forcing the blood into the ventricles. Then the atria relaxes (___________). Once filled, the ventricles contract (___________), forcing the blood out of the heart into the body. Then the ventricles relax (______).
Atrial systole
Atrial diastole
Ventricular systole
Ventricular diastole
Each _______ is one complete contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles of the heart. Each cycle takes about ____ seconds to complete if the heart is beating at an average rate of ___ beats per minute.
Cardiac cycle
** 0.8**
75
The heart acts as two separate pumps:
- Right side – ________ circuit pump
- Left side – _________ circuit pump
Pulmonary
Systemic
Blood entering the right atrium is oxygen ______. After entering the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the right ___________ and into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts blood is pumped through the pulmonary __________
valve into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs, where oxygen is added and CO2 is
removed.
** Poor (deoxygenated)**
Atrioventricular
valve (tricuspid valve)
Semilunar
______ of the heart is the systemic circuit pump and forms the systemic circulatory route.
Systemic circulation involves the movement of blood from the ___ ventricle throughout the
body as a whole.
Left side
Left
Blood first enters the \_\_\_\_\_ atrium through four pulmonary veins, which is now carrying oxygen rich (oxygenated) blood. After entering the \_\_\_\_ atrium, the blood is pumped through the left \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and into the left ventricle.
Left
** Left**
Atrioventricular valve
(Bicuspid valve)
When the left ventricle contracts, blood is pumped through the _______ valve into the aorta and distributed to the entire body.
** Aortic semilunar**
The _______ (muscle of the heart) requires a constant supply of blood containing oxygen and nutrients.
Myocardium
___________ is responsible for supplying oxygen and nutrient-rich blood into the heart and returning oxygen-poor blood to the venous system. Blood flows to the heart muscle by way of the right and left ________.
.
Coronary circulation
Coronary arteries
If the coronary arteries become blocked the heart muscle cells become deprived of oxygen and die or become damaged. This is known as a _______________.
Myocardial Infraction (Heart attack)
____________ – Severe chest pain resulting when the myocardium is deprived of sufficient oxygen and is often a warning of an impending MI.
** Angina pectoris**
These are the aorta’s first branches and lie behind the flaps of the aortic semilunar valve.
Coronary Arteries
This is when veins from other parts of the body are used to bypass blockages in the coronary arteries.
Coronary Bypass Surgery
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
It is termed the pacemaker of the heart as it starts each heartbeat and sets the pace from the whole heart.
Sinoatrial node
The most important node in the nodal system.
This system causes depolarization in only one direction, from the atria to the
ventricles, so the heart beats in one co-ordinated direction.
Intrinsic conduction system (Nodal system)
From the sinoatrial node the impulse spreads: Sinoatrial node –> _____________ (causing atria contraction) –> atrioventricular bundle –> bundle branches –> _________ (causing contraction of the ventricles)
Atrioventricular Node
Purkinje Fibers
The _______ can cause the heart to increase or decrease its activity depending on the activity of the body.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
The walls of all the blood vessels except _________ are composed of three distinct layers or tunics.
Capillaries
What are the three distinct layers or tunics of the blood vessel walls?
**Tunica externa (Adventitia)
Tunica media
Tunica intima **
What layer of the wall consists mostly smooth muscle and elastin?
Tunica media
It is the middle layer
___________ is the innermost layer, containing ________.
Tunica Intima
What are the are three main types of blood vessels?
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
What are the largest veins?
Superior and inferior vena cava
Capillary walls are composed of only one layer of _____________.
Tunica Intima
The _______ is the largest artery in the body.
Aorta
_____________ guard the entrance to the capillary and determine into which capillary blood will flow.
Precapillary sphincters
What is the function of capillaries?
The capillaries serve as exchange vessels for nutrient, wastes and fluids.
Arteries subdivide into vessels that become smaller and finally become tiny __________.
Arterioles
The function of _________ is to distribute nutrients, gases, etc with the movement of blood under high pressure and assist in arterial blood pressure.
Arteries
______________ are the exchange sites of nutrients and respiratory gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid.
Capillary beds
Veins have a unique structural feature not present in arteries – __________. These prevent back flow of blood. These valves are formed by a fold in the _______________.
Valves
Tunica Intima
Specialized blood vessels in the fetus must carry the fetal blood to the ________ where exchange of nutrients and oxygen occurs, then these vessels must return the blood back to the fetus.
Placenta
What are the specialized blood vessels responsible for fetal circulation?
Two small umbilical arteries (Oxygen poor blood)
One large umbilical vein (Oxygenated blood)
___________ is the continuation of umbilical vein. This structure allows blood to bypass the
fetus’ liver and move directly into the _____________.
Ductus venosus
Inferior vena cava
This connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery iin the fetus.
Ductus arteriosus
This allows blood to bypass lungs by moving blood from right atrium directly into left atrium of the fetus.
Foramen Ovale
__________________ is a measurement of the force of blood flowing against the walls of the arteries. This force keeps the blood continuously circulating even between heartbeats.
Blood Pressure
___________ – Pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction
_________ – Pressure when the ventricles are relaxing
**Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure **
TRUE or FALSE:
Blood pressure in veins and capillaries are not measured.
FALSE.
The pressure in veins changes very little during the cardiac cycle and the blood pressure in capillaries is also quite low due to their fragile state and permeability.
What are the factors that have effects on blood pressure?
Nervous system
Kidneys
Temperature
Chemicals
Diet
**Strength of heart contractions **
Heart rate
The ____________ controls vasoconstriction of vessels which increases blood pressure. This constriction is controlled by the ________ of the brain.
Autonomic Nervous System
Medulla
Nicotine ________ B/P by causing vasoconstriction.
Alcohol __________ B/P by causing vasodilation.
Increases
Decreases
To prevent _________, you need a diet low in salt, saturated fats and cholesterol.
Hypertension
Why is there decreased BP with faster heart rate?
Usually with a fast heartbeat, the ventricles do not have time to completely fill, therefore less blood leaves the heart, resulting in a lower blood pressure.
The volume of blood that leaves the heart is called __________.
Stroke Volume
A strong heart beat results in a high stroke volume, resulting in ___________ blood pressure.
Increased
When BP decreases, kidneys ___________, increasing blood volume therefore increasing BP.
Retain water
The colder you are, the more ___________, the more B/P will __________. Heat has opposite effect.
Vasoconstriction
Increase
This is a serious disease which can progress without any symptoms for first 10 to 20 years. It can slowly strain the heart and damage arteries.
Chronic Hypertension
It is often called the silent killer.
Normal range of Blood Pressure in an adult:
Systolic: ________ mmHg
Diastolic: ________mmHg
- *100-140** mmHg
- *75-80** mmHg
This is the condition in which systolic pressure is below 100 mmHg. This is associated with long life and old age free of illness.
Hypotension
What causes orthostatic pressure (orthostatic hypotension)?
It is caused by blood pooling in lower
limbs, postural changes and not enough blood getting to the brain.
This is a decrease in blood pressure which causes dizziness when you suddenly stand.
Orthostatic Hypotension
Chronic hypotension can be caused by ________ and _______________.
**Poor nutrition **
Inadequate levels of blood protein
____________ is a condition where blood vessels do not have enough blood therefore blood cannot circulate normally. This may be caused by acute hypotension.
Circulatory Shock
What are the factors that may cause hypertension?
Fever
Physical exertion
Emotionally upset or Anger or Fear
Diet
Obesity
Heredity
Race
(Levels of) Stress
Blood pressure reading 140/90 mmHg over a period of time is considered as ___________.
Hypertension
The systolic pressure can also read as high as 160/90 mmHg (plus) to be considered high.
A _______ is actually an artery expanding and recoiling. Average rate is _________ beats per minute in an average resting person.
Pulse
70 - 76 beats per minute
There are _______ pulse points through the body.
**Nine **
Identify the locations of the pulse points in the body.
Over the superficial temporal artery in front of the superior part of the ear
The common carotid artery in the neck along the front edge of the SCM muscle
Over the facial artery at the lower margin of the mandible angle
Over the brachial artery over the bend in the elbow
At the radial artery in the wrist
Over the femoral artery in the groin
At the popliteal artery behind the knee
At the dorsalis pedis artery on the front surface of the foot
Over the posterior tibial artery behind the medial malleolus
