Chapter 4: The Tissue Levle of Organization

Question 1

4 types of tissue in the human body

Answer 1

epithelial, connective, muscluar, nervous

Question 2

points of contact between two cells

Answer 2

cell junctions

Question 3

junctions that form fluid-tight seals between cells

Answer 3

tight junctions

Question 4

junctions that are made of plaque and anchor cells together

Answer 4

adherens junctions

Question 5

junctions that arecomposed of plaque and are linked by transmembrane glycoproteins that extend across a gap between adjacent cell membranes and link the cytoskeletons of cells together

Answer 5

desmosomes

Question 6

connect cells to extracellular material such as the basement membrane

Answer 6

hemidesmosomes

Question 7

allow cells in a tissue to rapidly communicate through connexins, transmembrane protein channels that connect cells together

Answer 7

gap junctions

Question 8

What are the major structual differences between epithilial and connective tissues?

Answer 8

• number of cells in the matrix
• prescence of blood vessels
• epithilial is almost never covered by another tissue

Question 9

how are epithelial cells arranged

Answer 9

in sheets

Question 10

a single layer of flat, scale-like epithelial cells with a centered nucleus

Answer 10

simple squamous epithelium

Question 11

function of simple squamous epithelium

Answer 11

present at sites of diffusion and filtration and secreation in serous membranes

Question 12

a single layer of cube shaped cells with a central nucleus

Answer 12

simple cubiodal epithelium

Question 13

function of simple cubiodal epithelium

Answer 13

secreation and absorption

Question 14

single layer of column like cells with oval nuclei near the base

Answer 14

simple columnar epithelium

Question 15

What are the two variations of simple columnar epithelium

Answer 15

non-ciliates (have microvilli) and ciliated

Question 16

single layer of column like cells that may appear as several layers die to the fact that some do not reach the apical surface

Answer 16

pseudostratified epithelium

Question 17

function of pseudostratified epithelium

Answer 17

absorption and secreation

Question 18

which type of pseudostratified epithelium contains golblet cells that secrete mucous or sweep away mucous

Answer 18

cilated

Question 19

epithelium that consists of several layers of cells in which the top layer of cells is flat, and the deeper layers of cells vary in shape from cuboidal to columnar

Answer 19

5. Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 20

what does karatin do instratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 20

karantinized epithelium becomes tough, resisting friction and repelling bacteria

Question 21

is a rare tissue consisting of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells whose function is mainly protective.

Answer 21

stratified cubiodal epithelium

Question 22

consists of several layers of cells of which only the top layer is columnar. It is somewhat rare and functions in protection and secretion.

Answer 22

7. Stratified columnar epithelium

Question 23

type of epithilium with several layers of varying cells. Capable of stretching permiting distention of organs such as the bladder

Answer 23

Transitional epithiulium

Question 24

is a single cell, or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion.

Answer 24

gland

Question 25

ductless glands that secrete hormones into extracellular fluid

Answer 25

endocrine glands

Question 26

glands that secrete products into ducts that empty at the epithelial surface

Answer 26

exocrine

Question 27

how are multicellular glands classified

Answer 27

the shapes of the secretory portion with the degree of branching of the duct

Question 28

glands that form the secretory products and discharge it by exocytosis

Answer 28

merocrine glands

Question 29

glands that accumulate their secretary product at the apical surface of the secreting cell; that portion then pinches off from the rest of the cell to form the secretion with the remaining part of the cell repairing itself and repeating the process

Answer 29

apocrine

Question 30

glands that accumulate the secretory product in the cytosol; when the cell dies, it and its products are discharged as the glandular secretion

Answer 30

holocrine glands

Question 31

what are the two basic elements of connective tissue?

Answer 31

Cells and extracellular matrix that can be liqued, gelatenous, calcified, etc

Question 32

connective tissue cells are derived from what?

Answer 32

mesenchyme

Question 33

how are immature and mature cells in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue named?

Answer 33

immature- "blast" mature- "cyte"

Question 34

cells that secrete fibers and matrix

Answer 34

fibroblasts

Question 35

cells that devolop from monocytes and are phagocytic

Answer 35

macrophages

Question 36

cells that develop into anti-body producuing B cells

Answer 36

plasma cells

Question 37

cells that poduce histamine; abundant along blood vessels

Answer 37

mast cells

Question 38

fat cells that store energy in the form of triglycerides

Answer 38

adipocytes

Question 39

white blood cells which are involved in immunity; easily migrate from one tissue to another

Answer 39

leukocytes

Question 40

what are glycosaminoglycans

Answer 40

substances found in the ground substance of the extrecellular matrix. Ex: hyularonic acid, keratin sulfate

Question 41

what is the funcation of ground substance in the extracellular matrix

Answer 41

it supports, binds, and provides a medium for the exchange of materials between the blood and cells, and is active in influencing cell functions.

Question 42

fucntion of fibers in the matrix

Answer 42

provide tissue strength and support

Question 43

tough fibers that are resistant to stretching; found in bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

Answer 43

collagen fibers

Question 44

fibers that provide both strengh and stretching capacity; found in skin, blood vessels and lungs

Answer 44

elastic fibers

Question 45

fibers that provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a strong, supporting network around fat cells, nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth muscle fibers

Answer 45

reticular fibers

Question 46

found almost exclusively in the embryo, is the tissue form from which all other connective tissue eventually arises

Answer 46

mesenchyme

Question 47

tissue that is found in the umblical cord of the fetus

Answer 47

mucoid connective tissue (whartons jelly)

Question 48

classifications of mature connective tissue

Answer 48

loose, dense, cartilage, bone and blood

Question 49

tissue consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells. It forms the stroma of certain organs. It helps to bind together the cells of smooth muscle.

Answer 49

Reticular connective tissue

Question 50

consists of bundles of collagen fibers in a regular and orderly, parallel arrangement that confers great strength along long axis of fibers

Answer 50

dense regular connective tissue

Question 51

tissue contains collagen fibers that are irregularly arranged and is found in parts of the body where tensions are exerted in various directions

Answer 51

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 52

consists of elastic fibers and fibroblasts. It is quite strong and can recoil back to its original shape after being stretched. It is found in lung tissue and elastic arteries.

Answer 52

Elastic connective tissue

Question 53

consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate. Typically has no blood or nerve supply

Answer 53

cartilage

Question 54

weakest type of cartilage that has fine collagen fibers embedded in a gel-type matrix. It provides flexibility and support, and at joints it reduces friction and absorbs shock

Answer 54

Hyaline cartilage

Question 55

the strongest type of cartilage that does not contain a perichondrium. strong and rigid

Answer 55

Fibrous cartilage

Question 56

contains a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix. A perichondrium is present. It provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of certain organs

Answer 56

elastic cartilage

Question 57

consists of a matrix containing mineral salts and collagenous fibers and cells called osteocytes

Answer 57

Bones (osseous tissue)

Question 58

concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts that give bone its hardness and collagen fibers that give bone its strength

Answer 58

lamella

Question 59

are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes

Answer 59

lacunae

Question 60

canals containing processes of osteocytes that provide routes for nutrient and waste transport

Answer 60

canaliculi

Question 61

canal within bones that contains blood vessels and nerves

Answer 61

Haversian canal

Question 62

Spongy bones have what in place of osteons?

Answer 62

trabeculae

Question 63

consists of a liquid matrix called plasma and formed elements.

Answer 63

Blood (vascular tissue)

Question 64

Red blood cells that function mainly in transporting respiratory gases.

Answer 64

erythrocytes

Question 65

white blood cells that are involved in phagocytosis, immunity and allergic reactions

Answer 65

leukocytes

Question 66

blood cells that aid in clotting

Answer 66

platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 67

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

Answer 67

membranes

Question 68

membranes that line joints and contain only connective tissue

Answer 68

synovial membranes

Question 69

the connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane

Answer 69

lamina propria

Question 70

membranes that line cavities that open to the exterior, such as the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 70

mucous membranes

Question 71

membranes that line a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and covers the organs that lie within the cavity

Answer 71

serous membranes

Question 72

membrane that covers the outside of the body (skin)

Answer 72

cutaneous membrane

Question 73

consists of fibers (cells) that are modified for contraction and thus provide motion, maintenance of posture, and heat production

Answer 73

muscle tissue

Question 74

muscle tissue that is striated, voluntary and attached to bones

Answer 74

skeletal

Question 75

muscle tissue that is striated, involuntary and forms the heart wall

Answer 75

cardiac

Question 76

muscle found in the walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels and viscera), is nonstriated, and is usually involuntary

Answer 76

smooth (visceral)

Question 77

consist of a cell body and two types of processes called dendrites and axons

Answer 77

neuron

Question 78

protect and support neurons and are often the sites of tumors of the nervous system

Answer 78

neuroglia

Question 79

the process of scar formation on a tissue

Answer 79

fibrosis

Question 80

what two types of tissue have a poor capacity for renewal

Answer 80

nervous and muscle

Question 81

what is granulation tissue

Answer 81

actively growing connective tissue that forms after an extensive injury