Chapter 1 Flashcards
Levels of Structural Organization in the Body
Chemical level - Cellular Level - Tissue Level - Organ Level - System Level - Organismal Level
What are the 11 systems of the human body
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive
Components: Integumentary System
Skin, (hair, sweat and oil glands)
Components: Skeletal System
Bones, joints, cartilage
Components: Muscular System
skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle
Components: Nervous System
brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs
Components: Endocrine System
Hormone producing glands and hormone producing cells in organs
Components: Cardiovascular sysem
Blood, heart and blood vessels
Components: Lymphatic System
Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, splein, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils,
B, T and other immune response cells
Components: Respiratory System
Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes
Components: Digestive System
gastrointestinal tract (from mouth to anus) and its accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas)
Components: Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Components: Reproductive Systems
Gonads: testes and ovaries, accessory organs ex: vagina/penis, uterine tubes/seminal glands)
Homeostasis
condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment
Describe the anatomical position
Person stands erect facing the observer. Palms of the hands are turned forward and the feet are flat on the floor
Prone
Body lying facedown
Supine
Body lying faceup
Superior
Toward the head or upper part of a structure
Inferior
Away from the head or the lower part of a structure
Anterior
Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior
Nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial
Nearer to the midline
Lateral
farther from the midline
Intermediate
Between two structures
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as another structure
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
Median Plane
passes through the midline
Paramedian plane
does not pass through the midline
transverse plane
perpendicular to the body
coronal plane
cross section through the top of the body
4 main body cavities
Cranial, Vertebral, Thoracic, Abdominopelvic
Cranial Cavity
formed by cranial bones and contains the brain
Verterbral Canal
formed by the vertebral column, contains the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity
contains the pleural (lungs) and paracardial (heart) cavities and the mediastinum
mediastinum
central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs containing the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea
Serous membranes
thin, double layered membranes that cover the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Reduce friction
Serous membranes in the thoracic cavity
pericardium and pleura
serous membranes in the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
Retroperitoneal
classification some organs are given that are not surrounded by the peritoneum. They are posterior to it
The abdominal cavity is divided up how?
into 4 quadrants
Radiography
x-rays: image of interior structures that is two dimensional
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
body is exposed to a high energy magnetic field causing protons in fluids and tissues to align with the field. Image is a 2d or 3d blueprint of cellular chemistry
Computed Tomography (CT)
x-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles resulting in a transverse section of the body
MRI Uses
shows fine detail in soft tissues. Most useful for differentiating between normal and abnormal tissues
CT Scan Uses
Visualizes soft tissues, multiple images can be assembled to build 3 dimensional views of structures
Ultrasound
high frequency waves reflect off of body tissues, the image can be still or moving
Coronary computed tomography angiography: CTTA Scan
iodine contrast injected into viens, multiple x- ray beams create a 3d image of the blood vessels
Positron Emission Tomography: PET Scan
positive ions injected into the body react with negative to produce gamma rays. Gamma cameras from an image used to study the physiology of certain structures
Endoscopy
visual examination of the inside of the body using a camera
Radionuclide Scanning
radioactive substance injected into the body produces gamma rays. Used to study the activity of a tissue or organ
