Chapter 4: The Nervous System (Kaplan) Flashcards
All cells have nuclei except for…
…mature red blood cells.
p. 136
Aside from the nucleus, what else is also located in the soma of the neuron?
the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
Nerves (bundles of neurons) can be sensory, motor, or mixed. In the CNS, axons may be bundled together to form ______. Unlike nerves, these only carry one type of information. The cell bodies of neurons in the same tract are grouped into ______.
tracts
nuclei
p. 137
Which type of glial cell form the blood-brain barrier, which controls the transmission of solutes from the bloodstream into nervous tissue?
astrocytes
p. 140
Which type of glial cell lines the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which physically supports the brain and serves as a shock absorber?
ependymal cells
p. 140
Which type of glial cell is a phagocytic cell that ingests and breaks down waste products and pathogens in the CNS?
microglia
p. 140
Myelin is produced by ________ in the CNS, and by ________ in the PNS.
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
p. 137
Sensory neurons are also known as ________ neurons, and transmit sensory information from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
afferent
Motor neurons, also known as ________ neurons, transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.
efferent
Interneurons are found between other neurons and are the most ________ of the three types. Interneurons are located predominantly in the brain and spinal cord and are often linked to _________ behavior.
numerous
reflexive
p. 153
Sensory neurons bring information in from the periphery and enter on the dorsal (back) side of the spinal cord. The cell bodies of these sensory neurons are found in the ______ root _______.
dorsal root ganglia
The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord, including all __ pairs of spinal nerves and 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Which cranial nerves are technically outgrowths of the CNS?
31
olfactory and optic nerves
The peripheral nervous system can be divided into the…
….somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
p. 154
One primary difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems is that the peripheral component of the ANS contains _ neurons. In contrast, a motor neuron in the somatic nervous system goes directly from the spinal cord to the muscle without synapsing.
2
p. 155
The soma of the __________ neuron is in the CNS, and its axon travels to a ganglion in the PNS. Here it synapses on the cell body of the postganglionic neuron, which then stimulates the target tissue.
preganglionic
p. 155
__________ is the neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic responses in the body and is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
Acetylcholine
p. 155
In the sympathetic nervous system, preganglionic neurons release __________, while most postganglionic neurons release __________.
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
p. 156
The parasympathetic nervous system act to... \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pupils stimulates flow of saliva constricts bronchi slows heartbeat stimulates peristalsis and secretion stimulates bile release \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bladder
constrict
contracts
p. 156
What is a monosynaptic reflex arc?
In a monosynaptic reflex arc, there is a single synapse between the sensory neuron that receives the stimulus and the motor neuron that responds to it.
p. 157
What is the only sensory stimulus that does not synapse at the thalamus?
Where does it synapse?
olfaction
at the amygdala and hippocampus
(from MCAT Self-Prep cards)
Where and what is the striate cortex?
It’s the visual cortex in the occipital lobe
from MCAT Self-Prep cards
_____ and _____ are the two major inhibitory neurotransmitters.
They both open ________ channels in the cell membrane, allowing chloride ions to enter the cell and hyperpolarize it.
(Remember hyperpolarize means it becomes MORE NEGATIVE, not more positive.)
GABA and glycine
chloride
(from MCAT Self-Prep cards)
